Banate of Severin



























Banate of Severin
Szörényi bánság
Banatul Severinului
Северинска бановина


banate of Kingdom of Hungary







13th century–16th century

Stema Tarii Romanesti II.jpg
 
Coat of arms of Transylvania.svg



Location of Banate of Severin
Banate of Severin, late 13th century

History

 •  Established
13th century
 •  Disestablished
16th century

Today part of

Romania



Map of the Banate of Severin


The Banate of Severin or Banate of Szörény (Hungarian: szörényi bánság; Romanian: Banatul Severinului; Latin: Banatus Zewrinensis; Bulgarian: Северинско банство, Severinsko banstvo; Serbian: Северинска бановина, Severinska banovina) was a political, military and administrative unit with a special role in initially anti-Bulgarian, latterly anti-Ottoman defensive system of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary. It was founded by Prince Béla in 1228.




Contents






  • 1 Territory


  • 2 History


  • 3 Bans of Severin


  • 4 List of bans


    • 4.1 Thirteenth century


    • 4.2 Fourteenth century




  • 5 References


  • 6 Sources


  • 7 References


  • 8 External links





Territory


The Banate of Severin was a march (or a border province) of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary between the Lower Danube and the Olt River (in present-day Oltenia in Romania).[1][2][3] A charter of grant, issued on 2 June 1247 for the Knights Hospitallers, mentioned the Olt as its eastern border.[1] The Knights received the "Land of Severin" (Terra de Zeurino),[4] along with the nearby mountains, from Béla IV of Hungary.[1][5] The king had described the same region as a "deserted and depopulated" land in a letter to Pope Gregory IX on 7 June 1238.[6] Modern scholars assume that either the Hungarian conquest of the territory or confrontations between Bulgaria and Hungary had forced the local population to flee.[6] Historian László Makkai says, the population obviously began to increase by the end of the 1230s, because Béla requested the pope to appoint a bishop to Severin.[7]


The 1247 charter of grant also mentioned that "Cumania" bordered the Land of Severin from the east.[8] The same diploma listed two Vlach (or Romanian) political units—the kenezatus of John and Farcaș—which were subjected to the Hospitallers on this occasion.[9][1][2] A third kenezatus, which was ruled by Voivode Litovoi, was not included in the grant, but it was left to the Vlachs "as they had held it".[8][2][10] However, Béla gave the Hospitallers the half of the royal revenues collected in Litovoi's land, with the exception of the revenues from the "Land of Hátszeg" (now Țara Hațegului in Romania).[11][12] Alexandru Madgearu says, the diploma shows that Litovoi's kenezatus bordered the Land of Severin to the north, thus the banate must have only included southern Oltenia in the middle of the 13th century.[3] The kenezatus of Voivode Seneslau, which was located to the east of the Olt, was fully excluded from the grant.[9]


The bans initially had their seat at the fortress of Szörény (now Drobeta-Turnu Severin in Romania).[13][14] After Szörény was lost in the late 13th century, the fort of Miháld (now Mehadia in Romania) was the center of the province.[14] In addition to Miháld, the banate included Orsova (now Orșova in Romania) and the Romanian districts along the upper course of the Temes (Timiș) river.[13][14]



History


Kaloyan of Bulgaria occupied the region between the rivers Cerna and the Olt around 1199.[3] The Kingdom of Hungary was also expanding over the Carpathian Mountains in the early 13th century, which gave rise to conflicts between the two countries.[14][15] The Cuman tribes dwelling to the east of the Olt as far as the river Siret agreed to pay a yearly tribute to the kings of Hungary in early 1227.[13] The Hungarians captured the Bulgarian fortress of Severin during a military campaign against Bulgaria in 1231.[16]


After the 1526 Battle of Mohács, the Banate of Severin was divided. South-eastern part (eastwards from Varcsaró - Vârciorova, today part of Bolvașnița) came under the jurisdiction of Wallachian princes and in the north-western parta (westwards from Orsova - present-day Orșova - inclusive) was gradually reorganized into the Banate of Lugos and Karánsebes.



Bans of Severin



List of bans



Thirteenth century




































































































































































Term
Incumbent
Monarch
Notes
Source

c. 1226–c. 1232

Buzád Hahót

Andrew II
He styled himself "former ban" in 1233. His close relationship with Andrew II's son, Béla, Duke of Transylvania, suggests that he was the ban of Severin (instead of being the ban of Slavonia).
[17]

c. 1233
Luke

Andrew II

[18]

1235
Pós Csák

Béla IV
Also Master of the treasury and ispán (or head) of Bács County
[18]

c. 1240
Osl Osl

Béla IV

[18]

c. 1243
Stephen Csák

Béla IV

[18]

c. 1260
Lawrence, son of Kemény

Béla IV
First rule.
[18]

c. 1262
Stephen

Béla IV
He is only mentioned in a non-authentic charter.
[18]

c. 1263
Lawrence

Stephen V (king junior)
Also Master of the treasury of Stephen V.
[18]

c. 1268
Alexander, son of Drug

Stephen V (king junior)

[18]

c. 1268

Ugrin Csák

Stephen V (king junior)
First rule.
[18]

c. 1270
Lawrence, son of Kemény

Stephen V
Second rule. Also ispán of Doboka County.
[19]

c. 1270
Panyit Miskolc

Stephen V

[19]

1271–1272
Lawrence, son of Kemény

Stephen V
Third rule. Also ispán of Doboka County.
[19]

1272
Albert Ákos

Stephen V

[19]

1272–1274
Paul

Ladislaus IV
First rule. Also ispán of Valkó and Doboka Counties.
[20]

1274–1275

Ugrin Csák

Ladislaus IV
Second rule.
[19]

1275
Paul

Ladislaus IV
Second rule.
[20]

1275–1276
Mikod Kökényesradnót

Ladislaus IV

[19]

1276

Ugrin Csák

Ladislaus IV
Third rule.
[19]

1277–1278
Paul

Ladislaus IV
He is only mentioned in non-authentic charters. Third rule.
[20]

1279
Lawrence, son of Lawrence

Ladislaus IV
First rule.
[19]

1291
Lawrence, son of Lawrence

Andrew III
Second rule, but he may have continuously held the office from 1279 to 1291
[19]


Fourteenth century



























































Term
Incumbent
Monarch
Notes
Source

1335–1341
Denis Szécsi

Charles I
Also master of the stewards.
[21]

1342–1349
Stephen Losonci

Charles I, Louis I

[21]

1350–1355

Nicholas Szécsi

Louis I
Also ispán of Keve and Krassó Counties.
[21]

1355–1359
Denis Lackfi

Louis I
Also master of the horse, and ispán of Keve and Krassó Counties.
[21]

1359–1379

Vacant.


[21]

1375–1376
John Treutel

Louis I

[21]

1376–1387

Vacant.


[21]



  1. 1299–1307 András Tárnok

  2. 1308–1313 András Tárnok and Márton Tárnok

  3. 1314–1318 Domokos Csornai

  4. 1319–1323 László Rátholti

  5. 1323–1329 Dénes Szécsi

  6. 1324 Pál

  7. 1330–1341 Dénes Szécsi

  8. 1342–1349 István Losonci

  9. 1350–1355 Miklós Szécsi

  10. 1355–1359 Dénes Lackfi

  11. 1359–1375 vacant

  12. 1376 János Treutel

  13. 1376–1387 vacant

  14. 1387 László Losonci Jr.

  15. 1387–1388 István Losonci

  16. 1388–1390 János Kaplai-Serkei

  17. 1390–1391 Miklós Perényi

  18. 1392 Szemere Gerebenci

  19. 1392–1393 Bebek Detre

  20. 1393 Frank Szécsi

  21. 1393–1397 vacant

  22. 1397 Lukács of Oszkola

  23. 1393–1408 vacant

  24. 1408–1409 Pipo of Ozora

  25. 1409 vacant

  26. 1410 Lőrinc, son of Majos

  27. 1410–1428 vacant

  28. 1428 Imre Marcali

  29. 1430–1435 Miklós Redwitz

  30. 1429–1435 vacant

  31. 1435 László Hagymás of Beregszó and János Dancs of Macedonia

  32. 1436–1439 Frank Tallóczi

  33. 1439–1446 John Hunyadi, Ban of Severin

  34. 1445–1446 Miklós Újlaki

  35. 1447–1454 Mihály Csornai

  36. 1449 Balázs Csornai

  37. 1452–1454 Péter Dancs of Sebes

  38. 1455-57 vacant

  39. 1458 Vlad and Gergely Bethlen

  40. 1459–1460 vacant

  41. 1460 László Dóczi

  42. 1462–1463 Miklós Újlaki

  43. 1464–1466 vacant

  44. 1466 János Pongrácz of Dengeleg

  45. 1467 vacant

  46. 1467 István and Mihály de Muthnoki

  47. 1468–1471 vacant

  48. 1471–1478 Imre Hédervári

  49. 1478 János Erdő and Domokos Bethlen

  50. 1478 vacant

  51. 1479 Ambrus Török and György Szenthelsebethi

  52. 1479 Bertalan Pathócsy

  53. 1480–1483 Bertalan Pathócsy and Ferenc Haraszti

  54. 1483–1489 Ferenc Haraszti and András Szokoly

  55. 1490 Imre Ozorai

  56. 1491 Imre Ozorai and Dánfy András of Doboz

  57. 1491–1492 Ferenc Haraszti and Dánfy András of Doboz

  58. 1492 Móré Fülöp Csulai

  59. 1492–1494 Móré György Csulai and Ferenc Balassa

  60. 1495–1501 Tárnok Péter Macskási and Jakab Gerlisthey

  61. 1501 Jakab Gerlisthey and Bélai Barnabás

  62. 1502 Jakab Gerlisthey and Tárnok Péter Macskási

  63. 1503 Bélai Barnabás

  64. 1503 Jakab Gerlisthey

  65. 1504–1508 Jakab Gerlisthey and Barnabás Bélai

  66. 1508–1513 Mihály Paksi and Barnabás Bélai

  67. 1514 Barnabás Bélai and János Szapolyai

  68. 1515–1516 Miklós Hagymási of Berekszó

  69. 1517–1518 vacant

  70. 1519 Bélai Barnabás

  71. 1520–1521 Miklós Gerlisthey

  72. 1522–1523 János Vitéz Kállay

  73. 1524–1526 János Vitéz Kállay and János Szapolyai

  74. 1526–1540 Under the rule of Lugos and Karánsebes Bans

  75. 1526–1860 Under Ottoman occupation




References





  1. ^ abcd Papacostea 1998, p. 230.


  2. ^ abc Curta 2006, p. 407.


  3. ^ abc Madgearu 2017, p. 207.


  4. ^ Pop 2013, p. 338.


  5. ^ Makkai 1994b, pp. 196–197.


  6. ^ ab Madgearu 2017, p. 208.


  7. ^ Makkai, László (2001–2002), The Cumanian Country and the Province of Severin, Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungarian Research Institute of Canada, Atlantic Research and Publications, retrieved 12 April 2017.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  8. ^ ab Vásáry 2005, p. 146.


  9. ^ ab Makkai 1994b, p. 197.


  10. ^ Papacostea 1998, p. 231.


  11. ^ Curta 2006, pp. 407–408.


  12. ^ Pop 2013, p. 337.


  13. ^ abc Engel 2001, p. 95.


  14. ^ abcd Makkai 1994a, p. 657.


  15. ^ Curta 2006, pp. 405–406.


  16. ^ Madgearu 2017, p. 206.


  17. ^ Zsoldos 2011, pp. 49, 291–292.


  18. ^ abcdefghi Zsoldos 2011, p. 49.


  19. ^ abcdefghi Zsoldos 2011, p. 50.


  20. ^ abc Zsoldos 2011, pp. 50, 342.


  21. ^ abcdefg Engel 1996, p. 32.




Sources


.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}



  • Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89452-4.


  • Engel, Pál (1996). Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1301–1457, I. [Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1301–1457, Volume I] (in Hungarian). História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete. ISBN 963-8312-44-0.


  • Madgearu, Alexandru (2017). The Asanids: The Political and Military History of the Second Bulgarian Empire, 1185–1280. BRILL. ISBN 978-9-004-32501-2.


  • Makkai, László (1994a). "szörényi bánság [Banate of Severin]". In Kristó, Gyula; Engel, Pál; Makk, Ferenc. Korai magyar történeti lexikon (9–14. század) [Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History (9th–14th centuries)] (in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 657. ISBN 963-05-6722-9.


  • Makkai, László (1994b). "The Emergence of the Estates (1172–1526)". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit. History of Transylvania. Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 178–243. ISBN 963-05-6703-2.


  • Papacostea, Șerban (1998). Between the Crusade and the Mongol Empire. Center for Transylvanian Studies, Romanian Cultural Foundation. ISBN 973-577-186-1.


  • Pop, Ioan-Aurel (2013). "De manibus Valachorum scismaticorum...": Romanians and Power in the Mediaeval Kingdom of Hungary, The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. Peter Land Edition. ISBN 978-3-631-64866-7.


  • Vásáry, István (2005). Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-83756-1.


  • Zsoldos, Attila (2011). Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1000–1301 [Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1000–1301] (in Hungarian). História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete. ISBN 978-963-9627-38-3.




References



  • Hațegan I., Cavalerii teutoni în Banatul Severinului (1429–1435), "Tibiscus-istorie" V, Muzeul Banatului, Timișoara, 1978, pp. 191–196.


  • http://mek.niif.hu/02100/02114/html/316.html Histoire de la Transylvanie



External links


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