Banate of Severin
| Banate of Severin Szörényi bánság Banatul Severinului Северинска бановина | |||||
banate of Kingdom of Hungary | |||||
| |||||
 | |||||
History | |||||
| • | Established | 13th century | |||
| • | Disestablished | 16th century | |||
Today part of | Romania | ||||
Map of the Banate of Severin
The Banate of Severin or Banate of Szörény (Hungarian: szörényi bánság; Romanian: Banatul Severinului; Latin: Banatus Zewrinensis; Bulgarian: Северинско банство, Severinsko banstvo; Serbian: Северинска бановина, Severinska banovina) was a political, military and administrative unit with a special role in initially anti-Bulgarian, latterly anti-Ottoman defensive system of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary. It was founded by Prince Béla in 1228.
Contents
1 Territory
2 History
3 Bans of Severin
4 List of bans
4.1 Thirteenth century
4.2 Fourteenth century
5 References
6 Sources
7 References
8 External links
Territory
The Banate of Severin was a march (or a border province) of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary between the Lower Danube and the Olt River (in present-day Oltenia in Romania).[1][2][3] A charter of grant, issued on 2 June 1247 for the Knights Hospitallers, mentioned the Olt as its eastern border.[1] The Knights received the "Land of Severin" (Terra de Zeurino),[4] along with the nearby mountains, from Béla IV of Hungary.[1][5] The king had described the same region as a "deserted and depopulated" land in a letter to Pope Gregory IX on 7 June 1238.[6] Modern scholars assume that either the Hungarian conquest of the territory or confrontations between Bulgaria and Hungary had forced the local population to flee.[6] Historian László Makkai says, the population obviously began to increase by the end of the 1230s, because Béla requested the pope to appoint a bishop to Severin.[7]
The 1247 charter of grant also mentioned that "Cumania" bordered the Land of Severin from the east.[8] The same diploma listed two Vlach (or Romanian) political units—the kenezatus of John and Farcaș—which were subjected to the Hospitallers on this occasion.[9][1][2] A third kenezatus, which was ruled by Voivode Litovoi, was not included in the grant, but it was left to the Vlachs "as they had held it".[8][2][10] However, Béla gave the Hospitallers the half of the royal revenues collected in Litovoi's land, with the exception of the revenues from the "Land of Hátszeg" (now Țara Hațegului in Romania).[11][12] Alexandru Madgearu says, the diploma shows that Litovoi's kenezatus bordered the Land of Severin to the north, thus the banate must have only included southern Oltenia in the middle of the 13th century.[3] The kenezatus of Voivode Seneslau, which was located to the east of the Olt, was fully excluded from the grant.[9]
The bans initially had their seat at the fortress of Szörény (now Drobeta-Turnu Severin in Romania).[13][14] After Szörény was lost in the late 13th century, the fort of Miháld (now Mehadia in Romania) was the center of the province.[14] In addition to Miháld, the banate included Orsova (now Orșova in Romania) and the Romanian districts along the upper course of the Temes (Timiș) river.[13][14]
History
Kaloyan of Bulgaria occupied the region between the rivers Cerna and the Olt around 1199.[3] The Kingdom of Hungary was also expanding over the Carpathian Mountains in the early 13th century, which gave rise to conflicts between the two countries.[14][15] The Cuman tribes dwelling to the east of the Olt as far as the river Siret agreed to pay a yearly tribute to the kings of Hungary in early 1227.[13] The Hungarians captured the Bulgarian fortress of Severin during a military campaign against Bulgaria in 1231.[16]
After the 1526 Battle of Mohács, the Banate of Severin was divided. South-eastern part (eastwards from Varcsaró - Vârciorova, today part of Bolvașnița) came under the jurisdiction of Wallachian princes and in the north-western parta (westwards from Orsova - present-day Orșova - inclusive) was gradually reorganized into the Banate of Lugos and Karánsebes.
Bans of Severin
List of bans
Thirteenth century
| Term | Incumbent | Monarch | Notes | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
c. 1226–c. 1232 | Buzád Hahót | Andrew II | He styled himself "former ban" in 1233. His close relationship with Andrew II's son, Béla, Duke of Transylvania, suggests that he was the ban of Severin (instead of being the ban of Slavonia). | [17] |
c. 1233 | Luke | Andrew II | [18] | |
1235 | Pós Csák | Béla IV | Also Master of the treasury and ispán (or head) of Bács County | [18] |
c. 1240 | Osl Osl | Béla IV | [18] | |
c. 1243 | Stephen Csák | Béla IV | [18] | |
c. 1260 | Lawrence, son of Kemény | Béla IV | First rule. | [18] |
c. 1262 | Stephen | Béla IV | He is only mentioned in a non-authentic charter. | [18] |
c. 1263 | Lawrence | Stephen V (king junior) | Also Master of the treasury of Stephen V. | [18] |
c. 1268 | Alexander, son of Drug | Stephen V (king junior) | [18] | |
c. 1268 | Ugrin Csák | Stephen V (king junior) | First rule. | [18] |
c. 1270 | Lawrence, son of Kemény | Stephen V | Second rule. Also ispán of Doboka County. | [19] |
c. 1270 | Panyit Miskolc | Stephen V | [19] | |
1271–1272 | Lawrence, son of Kemény | Stephen V | Third rule. Also ispán of Doboka County. | [19] |
1272 | Albert Ákos | Stephen V | [19] | |
1272–1274 | Paul | Ladislaus IV | First rule. Also ispán of Valkó and Doboka Counties. | [20] |
1274–1275 | Ugrin Csák | Ladislaus IV | Second rule. | [19] |
1275 | Paul | Ladislaus IV | Second rule. | [20] |
1275–1276 | Mikod Kökényesradnót | Ladislaus IV | [19] | |
1276 | Ugrin Csák | Ladislaus IV | Third rule. | [19] |
1277–1278 | Paul | Ladislaus IV | He is only mentioned in non-authentic charters. Third rule. | [20] |
1279 | Lawrence, son of Lawrence | Ladislaus IV | First rule. | [19] |
1291 | Lawrence, son of Lawrence | Andrew III | Second rule, but he may have continuously held the office from 1279 to 1291 | [19] |
Fourteenth century
| Term | Incumbent | Monarch | Notes | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1335–1341 | Denis Szécsi | Charles I | Also master of the stewards. | [21] |
1342–1349 | Stephen Losonci | Charles I, Louis I | [21] | |
1350–1355 | Nicholas Szécsi | Louis I | Also ispán of Keve and Krassó Counties. | [21] |
1355–1359 | Denis Lackfi | Louis I | Also master of the horse, and ispán of Keve and Krassó Counties. | [21] |
1359–1379 | Vacant. | [21] | ||
1375–1376 | John Treutel | Louis I | [21] | |
1376–1387 | Vacant. | [21] |
- 1299–1307 András Tárnok
- 1308–1313 András Tárnok and Márton Tárnok
- 1314–1318 Domokos Csornai
- 1319–1323 László Rátholti
- 1323–1329 Dénes Szécsi
- 1324 Pál
- 1330–1341 Dénes Szécsi
- 1342–1349 István Losonci
- 1350–1355 Miklós Szécsi
- 1355–1359 Dénes Lackfi
- 1359–1375 vacant
- 1376 János Treutel
- 1376–1387 vacant
- 1387 László Losonci Jr.
- 1387–1388 István Losonci
- 1388–1390 János Kaplai-Serkei
- 1390–1391 Miklós Perényi
- 1392 Szemere Gerebenci
- 1392–1393 Bebek Detre
- 1393 Frank Szécsi
- 1393–1397 vacant
- 1397 Lukács of Oszkola
- 1393–1408 vacant
- 1408–1409 Pipo of Ozora
- 1409 vacant
- 1410 Lőrinc, son of Majos
- 1410–1428 vacant
- 1428 Imre Marcali
- 1430–1435 Miklós Redwitz
- 1429–1435 vacant
- 1435 László Hagymás of Beregszó and János Dancs of Macedonia
- 1436–1439 Frank Tallóczi
- 1439–1446 John Hunyadi, Ban of Severin
- 1445–1446 Miklós Újlaki
- 1447–1454 Mihály Csornai
- 1449 Balázs Csornai
- 1452–1454 Péter Dancs of Sebes
- 1455-57 vacant
- 1458 Vlad and Gergely Bethlen
- 1459–1460 vacant
- 1460 László Dóczi
- 1462–1463 Miklós Újlaki
- 1464–1466 vacant
- 1466 János Pongrácz of Dengeleg
- 1467 vacant
- 1467 István and Mihály de Muthnoki
- 1468–1471 vacant
- 1471–1478 Imre Hédervári
- 1478 János Erdő and Domokos Bethlen
- 1478 vacant
- 1479 Ambrus Török and György Szenthelsebethi
- 1479 Bertalan Pathócsy
- 1480–1483 Bertalan Pathócsy and Ferenc Haraszti
- 1483–1489 Ferenc Haraszti and András Szokoly
- 1490 Imre Ozorai
- 1491 Imre Ozorai and Dánfy András of Doboz
- 1491–1492 Ferenc Haraszti and Dánfy András of Doboz
- 1492 Móré Fülöp Csulai
- 1492–1494 Móré György Csulai and Ferenc Balassa
- 1495–1501 Tárnok Péter Macskási and Jakab Gerlisthey
- 1501 Jakab Gerlisthey and Bélai Barnabás
- 1502 Jakab Gerlisthey and Tárnok Péter Macskási
- 1503 Bélai Barnabás
- 1503 Jakab Gerlisthey
- 1504–1508 Jakab Gerlisthey and Barnabás Bélai
- 1508–1513 Mihály Paksi and Barnabás Bélai
- 1514 Barnabás Bélai and János Szapolyai
- 1515–1516 Miklós Hagymási of Berekszó
- 1517–1518 vacant
- 1519 Bélai Barnabás
- 1520–1521 Miklós Gerlisthey
- 1522–1523 János Vitéz Kállay
- 1524–1526 János Vitéz Kállay and János Szapolyai
- 1526–1540 Under the rule of Lugos and Karánsebes Bans
- 1526–1860 Under Ottoman occupation
References
^ abcd Papacostea 1998, p. 230.
^ abc Curta 2006, p. 407.
^ abc Madgearu 2017, p. 207.
^ Pop 2013, p. 338.
^ Makkai 1994b, pp. 196–197.
^ ab Madgearu 2017, p. 208.
^ Makkai, László (2001–2002), The Cumanian Country and the Province of Severin, Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungarian Research Institute of Canada, Atlantic Research and Publications, retrieved 12 April 2017.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ ab Vásáry 2005, p. 146.
^ ab Makkai 1994b, p. 197.
^ Papacostea 1998, p. 231.
^ Curta 2006, pp. 407–408.
^ Pop 2013, p. 337.
^ abc Engel 2001, p. 95.
^ abcd Makkai 1994a, p. 657.
^ Curta 2006, pp. 405–406.
^ Madgearu 2017, p. 206.
^ Zsoldos 2011, pp. 49, 291–292.
^ abcdefghi Zsoldos 2011, p. 49.
^ abcdefghi Zsoldos 2011, p. 50.
^ abc Zsoldos 2011, pp. 50, 342.
^ abcdefg Engel 1996, p. 32.
Sources
.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}
Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89452-4.
Engel, Pál (1996). Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1301–1457, I. [Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1301–1457, Volume I] (in Hungarian). História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete. ISBN 963-8312-44-0.
Madgearu, Alexandru (2017). The Asanids: The Political and Military History of the Second Bulgarian Empire, 1185–1280. BRILL. ISBN 978-9-004-32501-2.
Makkai, László (1994a). "szörényi bánság [Banate of Severin]". In Kristó, Gyula; Engel, Pál; Makk, Ferenc. Korai magyar történeti lexikon (9–14. század) [Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History (9th–14th centuries)] (in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 657. ISBN 963-05-6722-9.
Makkai, László (1994b). "The Emergence of the Estates (1172–1526)". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit. History of Transylvania. Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 178–243. ISBN 963-05-6703-2.
Papacostea, Șerban (1998). Between the Crusade and the Mongol Empire. Center for Transylvanian Studies, Romanian Cultural Foundation. ISBN 973-577-186-1.
Pop, Ioan-Aurel (2013). "De manibus Valachorum scismaticorum...": Romanians and Power in the Mediaeval Kingdom of Hungary, The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. Peter Land Edition. ISBN 978-3-631-64866-7.
Vásáry, István (2005). Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-83756-1.
Zsoldos, Attila (2011). Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1000–1301 [Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1000–1301] (in Hungarian). História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete. ISBN 978-963-9627-38-3.
References
- Hațegan I., Cavalerii teutoni în Banatul Severinului (1429–1435), "Tibiscus-istorie" V, Muzeul Banatului, Timișoara, 1978, pp. 191–196.
http://mek.niif.hu/02100/02114/html/316.html Histoire de la Transylvanie
External links
- Map
