Jatropha
Jatropha | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Spicy Jatropha (Jatropha integerrima) | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Euphorbiaceae |
| Subfamily: | Crotonoideae |
| Tribe: | Jatropheae |
| Genus: | Jatropha L.[1] |
Species | |
Approximately 170, see Section Species. | |
Jatropha is a genus of flowering plants in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae. The name is derived from the Greek words ἰατρός (iatros), meaning "physician", and τροφή (trophe), meaning "nutrition", hence the common name physic nut. Another common name is nettlespurge.[2] It contains approximately 170 species of succulent plants, shrubs and trees (some are deciduous, like Jatropha curcas). Most of these are native to the Americas, with 66 species found in the Old World.[3] Plants produce separate male and female flowers. As with many members of the family Euphorbiaceae, Jatropha contains compounds that are highly toxic. Jatropha species have traditionally been used in basketmaking, tanning and dye production. In the 2000s, one species, Jatropha curcas, generated interest as an oil crop for biodiesel production.
Contents
1 Uses
2 Toxicity
3 Selected species
4 Gallery
4.1 Formerly placed here
5 Synonyms
6 References
7 External links
Uses
Jatropha pandurifolia in China
The stems of haat (Jatropha cuneata) are used for basketmaking by the Seri people in Sonora, Mexico. The stems are roasted, split and soaked through an elaborate process. The reddish dye that is often used is made from the root of another plant species, Krameria grayi. Spicy jatropha (J. integerrima) is cultivated as an ornamental in the tropics for its continuously blooming crimson flowers. Buddha belly plant (J. podagrica) was used to tan leather and produce a red dye in Mexico and the southwestern United States. It is also used as a house plant.
The oil from Jatropha curcas is mainly converted into biodiesel for use in diesel engines. The cake resulting from oil extraction, a protein-rich product, can be used for fish or animal feed (if detoxified). It is also a biomass feedstock to power electricity plants or to produce biogas, and a high-quality organic fertilizer.[4]
In 2007, Goldman Sachs cited Jatropha curcas as one of the best candidates for future biodiesel production.[5] It is resistant to drought and pests, and produces seeds containing 27-40% oil,[6] averaging 34.4%.[7] The remaining press cake of jatropha seeds after oil extraction could also be considered for energy production.[8] However, despite their abundance and use as oil and reclamation plants, none of the Jatropha species have been properly domesticated and, as a result, their productivity is variable, and the long-term impact of their large-scale use on soil quality and the environment is unknown.[9] 2009 research found that Jatropha biodiesel production requires significantly more water than other common biofuel crops, and that initial yield estimates were high.[10] Earlier, higher estimates from Worldwatch Institute had suggested that 1 acre of cultivation could yield 202 gallons (4.8 barrels) of biodiesel.[11]
Jatropha curcas is also being studied for use as a carbon sequestration plant in arid regions.[12]
Toxicity
Much like other members of the family Euphorbiaceae, members of the genus Jatropha contain several toxic compounds. The seeds of Jatropha curcas contain the highly poisonous toxalbumin curcin, a lectin dimer. They also contain carcinogenic phorbol.[13] Despite this, the seeds are occasionally eaten after roasting, which reduces some of the toxicity. Its sap is a skin irritant, and ingesting as few as three untreated seeds can be fatal to humans. In 2005 Western Australia banned Jatropha gossypiifolia as invasive and highly toxic to people and animals.[14] Even though it was used as medicine in certain geographic regions, it was found to have no antimicrobial activity.[15][16]
Selected species
Jatropha gossypiifolia in Hyderabad, India.
Jatropha multifida
Jatropha podagrica in Hyderabad, India.
Jatropha acanthophylla Loefgr.
Jatropha bullockii E.J.Lott
Jatropha cardiophylla (Torr.) Müll.Arg. – Sangre de Cristo
Jatropha cathartica Terán & Berland. – Berlandier's Nettlespurge
Jatropha chamelensis Pérez-Jiménez
Jatropha costaricensis G.L.Webster & Poveda
Jatropha cinerea (Ortega) Müll.Arg. – Arizona Nettlespurge
Jatropha cuneata Wiggins & Rollins – Limberbush, Haat (pronounced [ʔaːt])
Jatropha curcas L. – Physic Nut, Piñoncillo, Habb-El-Melúk- Jatropha dhofarica Radcl.-Sm.
Jatropha dioica Sessé – Leatherstem
Jatropha elliptica (Pohl) Oken
Jatropha excisa Griseb.
Jatropha gossypiifolia L. – Bellyache Bush
Jatropha hernandiifolia Vent. – Wild Oilnut
Jatropha integerrima Jacq. syn. J. pandurifolia – Spicy Jatropha, called in Chinese "Ri Ri Ying", which means "Every-day-flowered Cherry Blossom"[17]
Jatropha macrantha Mull. Arg – Huanarpo Macho or Peruvian Viagra
Jatropha macrorhiza Benth. – Ragged Nettlespurge
Jatropha multifida L. – Coralbush
Jatropha nudicaulis Benth.
Jatropha podagrica Hook. – Buddha Belly Plant, Bottleplant Shrub
Jatropha unicostata Balf.f.[18][19]
Gallery
Flowers of Jatropha multifida in El Crucero, Managua, Nicaragua.
Jatropha multifida plant in El Crucero, Managua, Nicaragua.
Flowers of Jatropha multifida with blue butterfly in El Crucero, Managua, Nicaragua.
Flowers and leaves of Jatropha multifida in El Crucero, Managua, Nicaragua.
Jatropha integerrima
Jatropha podagrica
Jatropha pandurifolia
Close-up of Jatropha podagrica
Formerly placed here
Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd. (as J. moluccana L.)
Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) Müll.Arg. (as J. montana Willd.)
Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Mill.) I.M.Johnst. (as J. aconitifolia Mill.)
Cnidoscolus angustidens Torr. (as J. angustidens (Torr.) Müll.Arg.)
Cnidoscolus quercifolius Pohl (as J. phyllacantha Müll.Arg.)
Cnidoscolus stimulosus (Michx.) Engelm. & A.Gray (as J. stimulosa Michx.)
Cnidoscolus texanus (Müll. Arg.) Small (as J. texana Müll.Arg.)
Cnidoscolus tubulosus (Müll. Arg.) I.M.Johnst. (as J. tepiquensis Costantin & Gallaud and J. tubulosa Müll.Arg.)
Cnidoscolus urens (L.) Arthur (as J. urens L.)
Hyaenanche globosa (Gaertn.) Lamb. (as J. globosa Gaertn.)
Manihot esculenta subsp. esculenta'' (as J. dulcis J.F.Gmel. and J. manihot L.)
Manihot carthagenensis subsp. carthagenensis (as J. carthagenensis Jacq.)
Manihot tripartita subsp. tripartita (as J. tripartita Spreng.)[18]
Synonyms
Adenorhopium Rchb.
Adenoropium Pohl
Castiglionia Ruiz & Pav.
Collenucia Chiov.
Curcas Adans.
Jatropa Scop., orth. var.
Loureira Cav.
Mesandrinia Raf.
Mozinna Ortega
Zimapania Engl. & Pax[1]
References
^ ab "Genus: Jatropha L". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-10-05. Archived from the original on 2010-05-28. Retrieved 2010-08-13..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ "Jatropha". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
^ Heller, Joachim (1996). Promoting the Conservation and Use of Underutilized and Neglected Crops Volume 1: Physic Nut, Jatropha Curcas L. Bioversity International. p. 7. ISBN 9789290432784.
^ Heuzé V., Tran G., Edouard N., Renaudeau D., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2016. Jatropha (Jatropha sp.) kernel meal and other jatropha products. Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/620 Last updated on April 15, 2016, 10:17
^ Jatropha Plant Gains Steam In Global Race for Biofuels
^ Achten WMJ, Mathijs E, Verchot L, Singh VP, Aerts R, Muys B 2007. Jatropha biodiesel fueling sustainability?. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 1(4), 283-291.[1] doi:10.1002/bbb.39The Jatropha Archives
^ Achten WMJ, Verchot L, Franken YJ, Mathijs E, Singh VP, Aerts R, Muys B 2008. Jatropha bio-diesel production and use. (a literature review) Biomass and Bioenergy 32(12), 1063-1084.[2] doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.03.003The Jatropha Archives
^ Jongschaap REE, Blesgraaf RAR, Boogaard TA, Van Loo EN, Savenije HHG. The water footprint of bioenergy from Jatropha curcas L. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106(35)E92. doi:10.1073/pnas.0907272106
^ World Agroforestry Centre (2007) When oil grows on trees World Agroforestry Centre press release. 26 April 2009.
^ Morrison, Chris (9 June 2009). "Miracle Biofuel Plant Jatropha Reveals Its Achilles Heel". CBS. CBS Money Watch. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
^ Cox, Craig. "After Oil" (Vol 5 Issue 6, July/August 2007). Ode Magazine. p. 54.
^ K. Becker, V. Wulfmeyer, T. Berger, J. Gebel, and W. Münch: "K. Becker1, V. Wulfmeyer2, T. Berger3, J. Gebel4, and W. Münch", Earth system dynamics, 4, 237-251, 2013.
^ http://www.drugsandpoisons.com/2008/01/lectins-peas-and-beans-gone-bad.html
^ MacIntyre, Ben (2007-07-08). "Poison plant could help to cure the planet". London: The Times. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
^ Ilango, S. and David Paul Raj RS. 2015. Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae on Jatropha curcas further its effect on tissue culture and leaf extract for antifungal property.
^ "Effect of Arbuscular mycorrhizae on Jatropha curcas further its effect on tissue culture and leaf extract for antifungal property". Annals of Plant Sciences. 4 (5 (2015)). ISSN 2287-688X.
^ Staff, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Jatropha pandurifolia
^ ab "Species Records of Jatropha". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-03-19.
^ "Jatropha". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2012-07-09.
External links
Media related to Jatropha at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Jatropha at Wikispecies- BBC report of Jatropa Biofuel
"Size does matter - The possibilities of cultivating Jatropha curcas for biofuel production in developing countries". Case study report on the relationship with food security. Contains lots of references and background information.
Polgreen, Lydia (September 9, 2007). "Mali's Farmers Discover a Weed's Potential Power". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-09-09.
- Any lessons for Ghana? India jatropha failure
- Jatropha not a miracle biofuel crop after all
Jon R. Luoma (May 4, 2009). "Hailed as a Miracle Biofuel, Jatropha Falls Short of Hype". environment360. Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies. Retrieved 2011-10-11.
Media related to Jatropha at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Jatropha at Wikispecies
Jatropha in West African plants – A Photo Guide.
