Exclusive economic zone
Sea areas in international rights
An exclusive economic zone (EEZ) is a sea zone prescribed by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea over which a state has special rights regarding the exploration and use of marine resources, including energy production from water and wind.[1] It stretches from the baseline out to 200 nautical miles (nmi) from its coast. In colloquial usage, the term may include the continental shelf. The term does not include either the territorial sea or the continental shelf beyond the 200 nmi limit. The difference between the territorial sea and the exclusive economic zone is that the first confers full sovereignty over the waters, whereas the second is merely a "sovereign right" which refers to the coastal state's rights below the surface of the sea. The surface waters, as can be seen in the map, are international waters.[2]
Contents
1 Definition
2 Origin
3 Disputes
3.1 Potential disputes
3.2 Resolved disputes
4 Transboundary stocks
5 By country
5.1 Argentina
5.2 Australia
5.3 Brazil
5.4 Canada
5.5 Chile
5.6 China
5.7 Cyprus
5.8 Denmark
5.9 France
5.10 Greece
5.11 India
5.12 Israel
5.13 Japan
5.14 Mexico
5.15 New Zealand
5.16 North Korea
5.17 Norway
5.18 Philippines
5.19 Poland
5.20 Portugal
5.21 Russia
5.22 Somalia
5.23 South Africa
5.24 South Korea
5.25 United Kingdom
5.26 United States
6 Rankings by area
7 See also
8 Notes and references
9 External links
Definition
The World's exclusive economic zones, shown in dark blue
EEZ's in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean
EEZ's in the Pacific Ocean
Generally, a state's exclusive economic zone is an area beyond and adjacent to the territorial sea, extending seaward to a distance of no more than 200 nmi (370 km) out from its coastal baseline. The exception to this rule occurs when exclusive economic zones would overlap; that is, state coastal baselines are less than 400 nmi (740 km) apart. When an overlap occurs, it is up to the states to delineate the actual maritime boundary.[3] Generally, any point within an overlapping area defaults to the nearest state.[4]
A state's exclusive economic zone starts at the seaward edge of its territorial sea and extends outward to a distance of 200 nmi (370 km) from the baseline. The exclusive economic zone stretches much further into sea than the territorial waters, which end at 12 nmi (22 km) from the coastal baseline (if following the rules set out in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea).[5] Thus, the exclusive economic zones includes the contiguous zone. States also have rights to the seabed of what is called the continental shelf up to 350 nmi (650 km) from the coastal baseline, beyond the exclusive economic zones, but such areas are not part of their exclusive economic zones. The legal definition of the continental shelf does not directly correspond to the geological meaning of the term, as it also includes the continental rise and slope, and the entire seabed within the exclusive economic zone.
Origin
The idea of allotting nations EEZs to give them more control of maritime affairs outside territorial limits gained acceptance in the late 20th century.
Initially, a country's sovereign territorial waters extended 3 nmi or 5.6 km (range of cannon shot) beyond the shore. In modern times, a country's sovereign territorial waters extend to 12 nmi (22 km) beyond the shore. One of the first assertions of exclusive jurisdiction beyond the traditional territorial seas was made by the United States in the Truman Proclamation of September 28, 1945. However, it was Chile and Peru respectively that first claimed maritime zones of 200 nautical miles with the Presidential Declaration Concerning Continental Shelf of 23 June 1947 (El Mercurio, Santiago de Chile, 29 June 1947) and Presidential Decree No. 781 of 1 August 1947 (El Peruano: Diario Oficial. Vol. 107, No. 1983, 11 August 1947).[6]
It was not until 1982 with the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea that the 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone was formally adopted.
Disputes
The exact extent of exclusive economic zones is a common source of conflicts between states over marine waters.
- Norway and Russia dispute both territorial sea and EEZ with regard to the Svalbard archipelago as it affects Russia's EEZ due to its unique treaty status. A treaty was agreed in principle in April 2010 between the two states and subsequently ratified, resolving this demarcation dispute.[7] The agreement was signed in Murmansk on September 15, 2010.[8]
- The South China Sea (and the Spratly Islands) is the site of an ongoing dispute between several neighboring nations.
Croatia's ZERP (Ecological and Fisheries Protection Zone) in the Adriatic Sea caused friction with Italy and Slovenia, and caused problems during Croatia's accession to the European Union.- A wedge-shaped section of the Beaufort Sea is disputed between Canada and the United States, as the area reportedly contains substantial oil reserves.
France claims a portion of Canada's EEZ for Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon based on a new definition of the continental shelf and EEZ between the two countries. Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon is entirely surrounded by Canada's EEZ.
Mauritius claims EEZ for Tromelin from France and EEZ for British Indian Ocean Territory from the UK.
Turkey claims Cyprus is only entitled to a 12 nautical mile EEZ rather than the usual 200 that Turkey is entitled to, resulting in an area to the south of Cyprus, containing an offshore gas field, being claimed by both states. Cyprus recognizes neither the land nor sea claims of the Northern Cyprus, which was created by a Turkish invasion.[9][10]
Lebanon claims that the agreement between Cyprus and Israel overlapped its own EEZ.
Potential disputes
Regions where a permanent ice shelf extends beyond the coastline are also a source of potential dispute.[11]
Resolved disputes
- The Cod Wars between the United Kingdom and Iceland occurred periodically over many decades, until they were resolved with a final agreement in 1976.
- In 1999, following the Hanish Islands conflict, the Permanent Court of Arbitration ruled that the EEZs of Yemen and Eritrea should be demarcated equidistantly between the mainlands of the two nations, without taking account of sovereignty over the islands.[12][13]
- In 2009, in a dispute between Romania and Ukraine over Snake Island, the UN International Court of Justice decided that Snake Island has no EEZ beyond 12 nautical miles of its own land.[14]
Transboundary stocks
Fisheries management, usually adhering to guidelines set by the FAO, provides significant practical mechanisms for the control of EEZs. Transboundary fish stocks are an important concept in this control.[15]
Transboundary stocks are fish stocks that range in the EEZs of at least two countries. Straddling stocks, on the other hand, range both within an EEZ as well as in the high seas, outside any EEZ. A stock can be both transboundary and straddling.[16]
By country
Argentina
Argentina's exclusive economic zone including territorial claims. Considering the maritime areas claimed, the total area of the Argentine reaches 3,849,756 km²
Australia
Australia's exclusive economic zones including Antarctic claim
Australia's Exclusive Economic Zone was declared on 1 August 1994, and extends from 12 nautical miles to 200 nautical miles (370 km) from the coastline of Australia and its external territories, except where a maritime delimitation agreement exists with another state.[17][18] To the 12 nautical miles boundary is Australia's territorial waters. Australia has the third largest exclusive economic zone, behind France and the United States, but ahead of Russia, with the total area of 8,148,250 square kilometres, which actually exceeds its land territory.
The United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf confirmed, in April 2008, Australia's rights over an additional 2.5 million square kilometres of seabed beyond the limits of Australia's EEZ.[19][20] Australia also claimed, in its submission to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, additional Continental Shelf past its EEZ from the Australian Antarctic Territory,[21] but these claims were deferred on Australia's request. However, Australia's EEZ from its Antarctic Territory is approximately 2 million square kilometres.[20]
| EEZ | Area (km2)[20] |
|---|---|
| Heard and McDonald Islands | 410,722 |
 Christmas Island | 463,371 |
 Cocos Islands | 325,021 |
 Norfolk Island | 428,618 |
| Macquarie Island | 471,837 |
| Mainland Australia, Tasmania and minor islands | 6,048,681 |
| Australian Antarctic Territory | 2,000,000[status 1] |
| Total | 10,148,250 |
Brazil
Brazil's exclusive economic zones
Brazil's EEZ includes areas around the Fernando de Noronha Islands, St Paul and St. Peter Archipelago and the Trindade and Martim Islands.
| EEZ | Area (km2)[22] |
|---|---|
 Brazil | 2 400 917 |
 Fernando de Noronha | 363 362 |
| St Paul and St. Peter Archipelago | 413 636 |
| Trindade & Martim Vaz Isl. | 468 599 |
| Total | 3 646 514 |
In 2004, the country submitted its claims to the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) to extend its maritime continental margin.[23]
Canada
Canada's exclusive economic zone and territorial waters
Canada is unusual in that its exclusive economic zone, covering 5,599,077 km2 (2,161,816 sq mi), is slightly smaller than its territorial waters.[24] The latter generally extend only 12 nautical miles from the shore, but also include inland marine waters such as Hudson Bay (about 300 nautical miles (560 km; 350 mi) across), the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the internal waters of the Arctic archipelago.
Chile
Chile's exclusive economic zones, including Antarctic claim
Chile's EEZ includes areas around the Desventuradas Islands, Easter Island and the Juan Fernández Islands.
| Region | EEZ Area (km2)[25] | Land area | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mainland | 1 975 760 | 755 757 | 2 731 517 |
| Desventuradas | 449 836 | ||
| Easter | 720 412 | 164 | 720 576 |
| Juan Fernandez | 502 524 | ||
Total | 3 648 532 | 755 921 | 4 404 453 |
There is a dispute with Peru over the extent of Chile's EEZ: Chilean–Peruvian maritime dispute
China
People's Republic of China's exclusive economic zone:
China's EEZ
EEZ claimed by China, disputed by Taiwan
EEZ claimed by China, disputed by others
The first figure excludes all disputed waters, while the last figure indicates China's claimed boundaries, and does not take into account neighboring powers' claims.
Cyprus
Exclusive economic zone between Israel and Cyprus as signed in Nicosia. (Labels in Hebrew.)
The Exclusive Economic Zone of Cyprus covers more than 70,000 km2 and is divided between 13 exploration blocks. The process of the establishment of Cyprus, Israel and Lebanon Exclusive Economic Zones was held in Nicosia in 2010 with separate meetings between each country.[26] Cyprus and Israel as part of their wider cooperation have agreed to start their gas explorations with a common American company, specifically Noble Energy. Cypriot and Israeli governments are discussing to export their natural gas through the shipping of compressed Natural Gas to Greece and then to the rest of Europe or through a subsea Pipelines starting from Israel and then leading to Greece via Cyprus.[27][28]
Denmark
The exclusive economic zones and territorial waters of the Kingdom of Denmark
The Kingdom of Denmark includes the constituent country (selvstyre) of Greenland and the constituent country (hjemmestyre) of the Faroe Islands.
| Region | EEZ & TW Area (km2)[29] | Land area | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
 Denmark | 105 989 | 42 506 | 149 083 |
 Faroe Islands | 260 995 | 1 399 | 262 394 |
 Greenland | 2 184 254 | 2 166 086 | 4 350 340 |
Total | 2 551 238 | 2 210 579 | 4 761 817 |
France
Exclusive economic zones of France, including Antarctic territorial claim
Due to its numerous overseas departments and territories scattered on all oceans of the planet, France possesses the largest EEZ in the world, covering 11,691,000 km2 (4,514,000 mi2), the EEZ of the United States is the second largest (11,351,000 km2 / 4,382,000 mi2). The EEZ of France covers approximately 8% of the total surface of all the EEZs of the world, whereas the land area of the French Republic is only 0.45% of the total land area of the Earth.
| Region | EEZ & TW Area (km2)[20] | Land area | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
 Metropolitan France | 334,604 | 551,695 | 886,299 |
| French Guiana | 133,949 | 83,846 | 217,795 |
| Guadeloupe | 95,978 | 1,628 | 97,606 |
| Martinique | 47,640 | 1,128 | 48,768 |
| Réunion | 315,058 | 2,512 | 317,570 |
 French Polynesia | 4,767,242 | 4,167 | 4,771,409 |
| Saint Pierre and Miquelon | 12,334 | 242 | 12,576 |
| Mayotte | 63,078 | 376 | 63,454 |
| Wallis and Futuna | 258,269 | 264 | 258,533 |
| Saint-Martin | 1,000 | 53 | 1,053 |
| Saint-Barthélemy | 4,000 | 21 | 4,021 |
 New Caledonia | 1,422,543 | 18,575 | 1,441,118 |
| Clipperton Island | 431,263 | 6 | 431,269 |
Crozet Islands | 574,558 | 352 | 574,910 |
Kerguelen Islands | 567,732 | 7,215 | 574,947 |
Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands | 509,015 | 66 | 509,081 |
Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean | 352,117 | 44 | 352,161 |
Tromelin Island | 270,455 | 1 | 270,456 |
Total | 10,160,835 | 675,417 | 12,366,417 |
Greece
Greece has claimed an exclusive economic zone, as it is entitled to do so, as per UNCLOS 1982 as well as customary international law.[30]
According to published maps, the Israel government has recognized the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) of Greece and Cyprus. They describe the course of the gas pipeline which will transfer gas produced by American Νoble Εnergy Ltd. from the Leviathan reservoir to Europe, through an undersea pipeline crossing Greece. The gas pipeline should traverse the sea area, which according to international law, is part of the Greek EEZ. By this proposal, Israel recognizes the Greek EEZ in the area and offers an advantage that Greece can use during negotiation procedures to support its claims on the area. In practice, this cooperation will set up a powerful energy coalition between Greece, Cyprus and Israel. The mining and operating part will be undertaken by an American company.[31] "The substance of the issue is that in an effort to protect and secure vital Israeli interests in the Mediterranean Sea, Israel has been left with no choice other than to officially delimit its maritime borders".[32]
India
India's exclusive economic zones
Mainland India and Lakshadweep, 1,641,514 km2
Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 663,629 km2
- Total: 2,305,143 km2
India is currently seeking to extend its EEZ to 350 miles.[33]
Israel
In 2010, an agreement was signed with Cyprus concerning the limit of territorial waters between Israel and Cyprus at the maritime halfway point, a clarification essential for safeguarding Israel's rights to oil and underwater gas reservoirs. The agreement was signed in Nicosia by Israeli Infrastructure Minister Uzi Landau and the Cypriot Foreign Minister Markos Kyprianou. The two countries agreed to cooperate in the development of any cross border resources discovered, and to negotiate an agreement on dividing joint resources.
Japan
Japan's exclusive economic zones:
Japan's EEZ
Joint regime with Republic of Korea
EEZ claimed by Japan, disputed by others
Minami-Tori-shima: 428,875 km2
Ogasawara Islands: 862,782 km2
Pacific Ocean (Japan): 1,162,334 km2
Ryukyu Islands: 1,394,676 km2
Sea of Japan: 630,721 km2
Sea of Okhotsk: little- Total: 4,479,358
Japan has disputes over its EEZ boundaries with all its Asian neighbors (Russia, Republic of Korea, China and Taiwan). The above, and relevant maps at the Sea Around Us Project[34][35] both indicate Japan's claimed boundaries, and do not take into account neighboring powers' claims.
Japan also refers to various categories of "shipping area" – Smooth Water Area, Coasting Area, Major or Greater Coasting Area, Ocean Going Area – but it is unclear whether these are intended to have any territorial or economic implications.
Mexico
Exclusive economic zone of Mexico
Mexico's exclusive economic zones comprise a total surface area of 3,144,295 km2, and places Mexico among the countries with the largest areas in the world.[36] This puts Mexico's total territory as 5,153,735 km2.
New Zealand
Exclusive economic zones of the Realm of New Zealand, including the Ross Dependency (shaded)
New Zealand's EEZ covers 4,083,744 km2 (1,576,742 sq mi),[37][38] which is approximately fifteen times the land area of the country. Sources vary significantly on the size of New Zealand's EEZ; for example, a recent government publication gave the area as roughly 4,300,000 km2.[39] These figures are for the EEZ of New Zealand proper, and do not include the EEZs of other territories in the Realm of New Zealand (Tokelau, Niue, the Cook Islands and the Ross Dependency).
North Korea
The exclusive economic zone of North Korea
The exclusive economic zone of North Korea stretches 200 nautical miles from its basepoints in both the West Sea (Yellow Sea) and the East Sea (Sea of Japan).[40] The EEZ was declared in 1977 after North Korea had contested the validity of the Northern Limit Lines (NLL) set up after the Korean War as maritime borders.[41] The EEZ has not been codified in law and North Korea has never specified its coordinates, making it difficult to determine its specific scope.[42]
In the West Sea, the EEZ remains unspecified in the Korean Bay because China has not determined its own EEZ in the area.[43] The border between the North Korean and South Korean EEZs in the West Sea cannot be determined because of potential overlap and disputes over certain islands.[44]
In the East Sea, the North Korean EEZ can be approximated to be trapezoidal-shaped.[45] The border between North Korea and Russia's respective EEZs is the only such border that has been determined in East Asia.[46] Here, the EEZ does not cause many problems, even with regards to South Korea, because the sea is not thought to be rich in resources.[45]
Norway
Norway's exclusive economic zones, including dependent territory Bouvet Island
Norway has a large exclusive economic zone of 819 620 km2 around its coast. The country has a fishing zone of 1,878,953 km2, including fishing zones around Svalbard and Jan Mayen.[47]
In April 2009, the United Nations Commission for the Limits of the Continental Shelf approved Norway's claim to an additional 235,000 square kilometres of continental shelf. The commission found that Norway and Russia both had valid claims over a portion of shelf in the Barents Sea.[48]
| Region | EEZ & TW Area (km2) | Land area | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mainland | 1 273 482 | 323 802 | 1 597 284 |
Svalbard | 402 574 | 61 002 | 463 576 |
Jan Mayen | 273 118 | 373 | 273 491 |
Bouvet Island | 436 004 | 49 | 436 053 |
Total | 2 385 178 | 385 226 | 2 770 404 |
Philippines
The exclusive economic zone of the Philippines shown in the lighter blue shade, with Archepelagic Waters in the darkest blue
The Philippines' EEZ covers 2,263,816 km2 (874,064 sq mi).[49]
Poland
The Polish EEZ covers the area of 30,533 km2 (11,789 sq mi) within the Baltic Sea.[50]
Portugal
Portugal's Exclusive Economic Zones plus submitted Extended Continental Shelf to the UN[51]
Portugal has the 20th largest EEZ in the world. Presently, it is divided in three non-contiguous sub-zones:
Continental Portugal 327,667 km2
Azores 953,633 km2
Madeira 446,108 km2
- Total : 1,727,408 km2
Portugal submitted a claim to extend its jurisdiction over additional 2.15 million square kilometers of the neighboring continental shelf in May 2009,[52] resulting in an area with a total of more than 3,877,408 km2. The submission, as well as a detailed map, can be found in the Task Group for the extension of the Continental Shelf website.
Spain disputes the EEZ's southern border, maintaining that it should be drawn halfway between Madeira and the Canary Islands. But Portugal exercises sovereignty over the Savage Islands, a small archipelago north of the Canaries, claiming an EEZ border further south. Spain objects, arguing that the Savage Islands do not have a separate continental shelf,[53] citing article 121 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.[54]
Russia
Russia's exclusive economic zone
- Kaliningrad (Baltic Sea) – 11,634 km2
- St. Petersburg (Baltic Sea) – 12,759 km2
- Barents Sea – 1,308,140 km2
- Black Sea (without the Crimean EEZ) – 66,854 km2
- Pacific – 3,419,202 km2
- Siberia – 3,277,292 km2
- Total – 8,095,881 km2[55]
Somalia
Somalia's exclusive economic zone
- 825,052 km2
South Africa
South Africa's maritime zones, including the exclusive economic zone
South Africa's EEZ includes both that next to the African mainland and that around the Prince Edward Islands, totalling 1,535,538 km2.[56]
- Mainland – 1,068,659 km2
- Prince Edward islands – 466,879 km2
South Korea
South Korean exclusive economic zone:
Korean EEZ
EEZ claimed by Republic of Korea, disputed by Japan
Joint regime with Japan
Area: 300,851 (225,214) km2
United Kingdom
The exclusive economic zones of the United Kingdom in blue, including the British Overseas Territories and the Crown Dependencies. The British claim in Antarctica is shown in shaded blue.[57]
The United Kingdom's exclusive economic zone is the fifth largest in the world at 6,805,586 square km. It comprises the exclusive economic zones surrounding the United Kingdom,[58] the Crown Dependencies, and the British Overseas Territories. The figure does not include the EEZ of the British Antarctic Territory. The exclusive economic zones associated with the Falkland Islands and South Georgia are disputed by Argentina. The EEZ of the Chagos archipelago also known as the British Indian Ocean Territory is also disputed with Mauritius which considers the EEZ as part of its territory.
Only the United Kingdom and Gibraltar are part of the EU. The Crown dependencies and the remaining overseas territories (that is, all except Gibraltar) are not part of the EU. The United Kingdom has not as yet claimed its rights with regards to Gibraltar or the Sovereign Base Areas in Cyprus.
| Territory | km2 | sq mi | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
United Kingdom | 773,676 | 298,718 | includes Rockall and the Isle of Man |
Anguilla | 92,178 | 35,590 | |
Ascension Island† | 441,658 | 170,525 | |
Bermuda | 450,370 | 173,890 | |
British Indian Ocean Territory | 638,568 | 246,552 | disputed with Mauritius |
British Virgin Islands | 80,117 | 30,933 | |
Cayman Islands | 119,137 | 45,999 | |
Channel Islands | 11,658 | 4,501 | |
Falkland Islands | 550,872 | 212,693 | disputed with Argentina |
Gibraltar | 426 | 164 | disputed with Spain |
Montserrat | 7,582 | 2,927 | |
Pitcairn Island | 836,108 | 322,823 | |
Saint Helena† | 444,916 | 171,783 | |
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | 1,449,532 | 559,667 | disputed with Argentina |
Tristan da Cunha archipelago† | 754,720 | 291,400 | |
Turks and Caicos Islands | 154,068 | 59,486 | |
| Total | 6,805,586 | 2,627,651 |
†Part of the overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, which together has an EEZ of 1,641,294 square km.
United States
Exclusive economic zones of the United States, including insular areas
The United States' exclusive economic zone is the second largest in the world, covering 11,351,000 km2. Areas of its EEZ are located in three oceans, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea.
- Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act
The sizes of the components of the US EEZ/territorial seas are (in decreasing size):[59]
Alaska – 3,770,021 km2 (1,455,613 sq mi)
Hawaii – Northwest Islands – 1,579,538 km2 (609,863 sq mi)
U.S. East Coast – 915,763 km2 (353,578 sq mi)
Hawaii – Main Islands – 895,346 km2 (345,695 sq mi)
U.S. West Coast – 825,549 km2 (318,746 sq mi)
Northern Marianas – 749,268 km2 (289,294 sq mi)
Mainland Gulf Coast – 707,832 km2 (273,295 sq mi)
Johnston Atoll – 442,635 km2 (170,902 sq mi)
Howland and Baker Islands – 434,921 km2 (167,924 sq mi)
Wake Island – 407,241 km2 (157,237 sq mi)
American Samoa – 404,391 km2 (156,136 sq mi)
Palmyra Atoll and Kingman Reef – 352,300 km2 (136,000 sq mi)
Jarvis Island – 316,665 km2 (122,265 sq mi)
Guam – 221,504 km2 (85,523 sq mi)
Puerto Rico – 177,685 km2 (68,605 sq mi)
U.S. Virgin Islands – 33,744 km2 (13,029 sq mi)
Total: 11,351,000 km2 (4,383,000 sq mi)
Rankings by area
This list includes dependent territories within their sovereign states (including uninhabited territories), but does not include claims on Antarctica. EEZ+TIA is exclusive economic zone (EEZ) plus total internal area (TIA) which includes land and internal waters.
| Rank | Country | EEZ km2[56] | Shelf km2 | EEZ+TIA km2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | France | 11,691,000 | 389,422 | 12,366,417 |
| 2 |  United States | 11,351,000 | 2,193,526 | 21,814,306 |
| 3 |  Australia | 8,505,348 | 2,194,008 | 16,197,464 |
| 4 |  Russia | 7,566,673 | 3,817,843 | 24,664,915 |
| 5 |  United Kingdom | 6,805,586 | 722,891 | 7,048,486 |
| 6 |  Indonesia | 6,159,032 | 2,039,381 | 8,063,601 |
| 7 |  Canada | 5,599,077 | 2,644,795 | 15,607,077 |
| 8 |  Japan | 4,479,388 | 454,976 | 4,857,318 |
| 9 |  New Zealand | 4,083,744 | 277,610 | 4,352,424 |
| 10 |  Chile | 3,681,989 | 252,947 | 4,431,381 |
| 11 | Brazil | 3,660,955 | 774,563 | 12,175,832 |
| 12 |  Kiribati | 3,441,810 | 7,523 | 3,442,536 |
| 13 |  Mexico | 3,269,386 | 419,102 | 5,141,968 |
| 14 |  Federated States of Micronesia | 2,996,419 | 19,403 | 2,997,121 |
| 15 | Denmark | 2,551,238 | 495,657 | 4,761,811 |
| 16 |  Papua New Guinea | 2,402,288 | 191,256 | 2,865,128 |
| 17 |  Norway | 2,385,178 | 434,020 | 2,770,404 |
| 18 |  India | 2,305,143 | 402,996 | 5,592,406 |
| 19 |  Marshall Islands | 1,990,530 | 18,411 | 1,990,711 |
| 20 |  Portugal | 1,727,408 | 28,000 | 1,819,498 |
| 21 |  Philippines | 1,590,780 | 272,921 | 1,890,780 |
| 22 |  Solomon Islands | 1,589,477 | 36,282 | 1,618,373 |
| 23 |  South Africa | 1,535,538 | 156,337 | 2,756,575 |
| 24 |  Seychelles | 1,336,559 | 39,063 | 1,337,014 |
| 25 |  Mauritius | 1,284,997 | 29,061 | 1,287,037 |
| 26 |  Fiji | 1,282,978 | 47,705 | 1,301,250 |
| 27 |  Madagascar | 1,225,259 | 101,505 | 1,812,300 |
| 28 |  Argentina | 1,159,063 | 856,346 | 3,939,463[60] |
| 29 |  Ecuador | 1,077,231 | 41,034 | 1,333,600 |
| 30 |  Spain | 1,039,233 | 77,920 | 1,545,225 |
| 31 |  Maldives | 923,322 | 34,538 | 923,622 |
| 32 |  Peru | 906,454 | 82,000 | 2,191,670 |
| 33 |  China | 877,019 | 231,340 | 10,473,980 |
| 34 |  Somalia | 825,052 | 55,895 | 1,462,709 |
| 35 |  Colombia | 808,158 | 53,691 | 1,949,906 |
| 36 |  Cape Verde | 800,561 | 5,591 | 804,594 |
| 37 |  Iceland | 751,345 | 108,015 | 854,345 |
| 38 |  Tuvalu | 749,790 | 3,575 | 749,816 |
| 39 |  Vanuatu | 663,251 | 11,483 | 675,440 |
| 40 |  Tonga | 659,558 | 8,517 | 660,305 |
| 41 |  Bahamas | 654,715 | 106,323 | 668,658 |
| 42 |  Palau | 603,978 | 2,837 | 604,437 |
| 43 |  Mozambique | 578,986 | 94,212 | 1,380,576 |
| 44 |  Morocco | 575,230 | 115,157 | 1,287,780 |
| 45 |  Costa Rica | 574,725 | 19,585 | 625,825 |
| 46 |  Namibia | 564,748 | 86,698 | 1,388,864 |
| 47 |  Yemen | 552,669 | 59,229 | 1,080,637 |
| 48 |  Italy | 541,915 | 116,834 | 843,251 |
| 49 |  Oman | 533,180 | 59,071 | 842,680 |
| 50 |  Myanmar | 532,775 | 220,332 | 1,209,353 |
| 51 |  Sri Lanka | 532,619 | 32,453 | 598,229 |
| 52 |  Angola | 518,433 | 48,092 | 1,765,133 |
| 53 |  Greece | 505,572 | 81,451 | 637,529 |
| 54 |  South Korea | 475,469 | 292,522 | 575,469 |
| 55 |  Venezuela | 471,507 | 98,500 | 1,387,950 |
| 56 |  Vietnam | 417,663 | 365,198 | 748,875 |
| 57 |  Ireland | 410,310 | 139,935 | 480,583 |
| 58 |  Libya | 351,589 | 64,763 | 2,111,129 |
| 59 |  Cuba | 350,751 | 61,525 | 460,637 |
| 60 |  Panama | 335,646 | 53,404 | 411,163 |
| 61 |  Malaysia | 334,671 | 323,412 | 665,474 |
| 62 |  Nauru | 308,480 | 41 | 308,501 |
| 63 |  Equatorial Guinea | 303,509 | 7,820 | 331,560 |
| 64 |  Thailand | 299,397 | 230,063 | 812,517 |
| 65 |  Pakistan | 290,000 | 51,383 | 1,117,911 |
| 66 |  Egypt | 263,451 | 61,591 | 1,265,451 |
| 67 |  Turkey | 261,654 | 56,093 | 1,045,216 |
| 68 |  Jamaica | 258,137 | 9,802 | 269,128 |
| 69 |  Dominican Republic | 255,898 | 10,738 | 304,569 |
| 70 |  Liberia | 249,734 | 17,715 | 361,103 |
| 71 |  Honduras | 249,542 | 68,718 | 362,034 |
| 72 |  Tanzania | 241,888 | 25,611 | 1,186,975 |
| 73 |  Ghana | 235,349 | 22,502 | 473,888 |
| 74 |  Saudi Arabia | 228,633 | 107,249 | 2,378,323 |
| 75 |  Nigeria | 217,313 | 42,285 | 1,141,081 |
| 76 |  Sierra Leone | 215,611 | 28,625 | 287,351 |
| 77 |  Gabon | 202,790 | 35,020 | 470,458 |
| 78 |  Barbados | 186,898 | 426 | 187,328 |
| 79 |  Côte d'Ivoire | 176,254 | 10,175 | 498,717 |
| 80 |  Iran | 168,718 | 118,693 | 1,797,468 |
| 81 |  Mauritania | 165,338 | 31,662 | 1,190,858 |
| 82 |  Comoros | 163,752 | 1,526 | 165,987 |
| 83 |  Sweden | 160,885 | 154,604 | 602,255 |
| 84 |  Senegal | 158,861 | 23,092 | 355,583 |
| 85 |  Netherlands | 154,011 | 77,246 | 192,345 |
| 85 |  Ukraine | 147,318 | 79,142 | 750,818 |
| 86 |  Uruguay | 142,166 | 75,327 | 318,381 |
| 87 |  Guyana | 137,765 | 50,578 | 352,734 |
| 88 |  North Korea | 132,826 | 54,566 | 253,364 |
| 89 |  São Tomé and Príncipe | 131,397 | 1,902 | 132,361 |
| 90 |  Samoa | 127,950 | 2,087 | 130,781 |
| 91 |  Suriname | 127,772 | 53,631 | 291,592 |
| 92 |  Haiti | 126,760 | 6,683 | 154,510 |
| 93 |  Algeria | 126,353 | 9,985 | 2,508,094 |
| 94 |  Nicaragua | 123,881 | 70,874 | 254,254 |
| 95 |  Guinea-Bissau | 123,725 | 39,339 | 159,850 |
| 96 |  Kenya | 116,942 | 11,073 | 697,309 |
| 97 |  Guatemala | 114,170 | 14,422 | 223,059 |
| 98 |  Antigua and Barbuda | 110,089 | 4,128 | 110,531 |
| 99 |  Tunisia | 101,857 | 67,126 | 265,467 |
| 100 |  Cyprus | 98,707 | 4,042 | 107,958 |
| 101 |  El Salvador | 90,962 | 16,852 | 112,003 |
| 102 |  Finland | 87,171 | 85,109 | 425,590 |
| 103 |  Bangladesh | 86,392 | 66,438 | 230,390 |
| 104 |  Taiwan | 83,231 | 43,016 | 119,419 |
| 105 |  Eritrea | 77,728 | 61,817 | 195,328 |
| 106 |  Trinidad and Tobago | 74,199 | 25,284 | 79,329 |
| 107 |  East Timor | 70,326 | 25,648 | 85,200 |
| 108 |  Sudan | 68,148 | 19,827 | 1,954,216 |
| 109 |  Cambodia | 62,515 | 62,515 | 243,550 |
| 110 |  Guinea | 59,426 | 44,755 | 305,283 |
| 111 |  Croatia | 59,032 | 50,277 | 115,626 |
| 112 |  United Arab Emirates | 58,218 | 57,474 | 141,818 |
| 113 |  Germany | 57,485 | 57,485 | 414,599 |
| 114 |  Malta | 54,823 | 5,301 | 55,139 |
| 115 |  Estonia | 36,992 | 36,992 | 82,219 |
| 116 |  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 36,302 | 1,561 | 36,691 |
| 117 |  Belize | 35,351 | 13,178 | 58,317 |
| 118 |  Bulgaria | 34,307 | 10,426 | 145,186 |
| 119 |  Benin | 33,221 | 2,721 | 145,843 |
| 120 |  Qatar | 31,590 | 31,590 | 43,176 |
| 121 |  Congo, Republic of the | 31,017 | 7,982 | 373,017 |
| 122 |  Poland | 29,797 | 29,797 | 342,482 |
| 123 |  Dominica | 28,985 | 659 | 29,736 |
| 124 |  Latvia | 28,452 | 27,772 | 93,011 |
| 125 |  Grenada | 27,426 | 2,237 | 27,770 |
| 126 |  Israel | 26,352 | 3,745 | 48,424 |
| 127 |  Romania | 23,627 | 19,303 | 262,018 |
| 128 |  Gambia | 23,112 | 5,581 | 34,407 |
| 129 |  Georgia | 21,946 | 3,243 | 91,646 |
| 130 |  Lebanon | 19,516 | 1,067 | 29,968 |
| 131 |  Cameroon | 16,547 | 11,420 | 491,989 |
| 132 |  Saint Lucia | 15,617 | 544 | 16,156 |
| 133 |  Albania | 13,691 | 6,979 | 42,439 |
| 134 |  Togo | 12,045 | 1,265 | 68,830 |
| 135 |  Kuwait | 11,026 | 11,026 | 28,844 |
| 136 |  Syria | 10,503 | 1,085 | 195,683 |
| 137 |  Bahrain | 10,225 | 10,225 | 10,975 |
| 138 |  Brunei | 10,090 | 8,509 | 15,855 |
| 139 |  Saint Kitts and Nevis | 9,974 | 653 | 10,235 |
| 140 |  Montenegro | 7,745 | 3,896 | 21,557 |
| 141 |  Djibouti | 7,459 | 3,187 | 30,659 |
| 142 |  Lithuania | 7,031 | 7,031 | 72,331 |
| 143 |  Belgium | 3,447 | 3,447 | 33,975 |
| 144 |  Democratic Republic of the Congo | 1,606 | 1,593 | 2,346,464 |
| 145 |  Singapore | 1,067 | 1,067 | 1,772 |
| 146 |  Iraq | 771 | 771 | 439,088 |
| 147 |  Monaco | 288 | 2 | 290 |
| 148 |  Palestine | 256 | 256 | 6,276 |
| 149 |  Slovenia | 220 | 220 | 20,493 |
| 150 |  Jordan | 166 | 59 | 89,508 |
| 151 |  Bosnia and Herzegovina | 50 | 50 | 51,259 |
| 152 |  Kazakhstan | 2,724,900 | ||
| 153 |  Mongolia | 1,564,100 | ||
| 154 |  Chad | 1,284,000 | ||
| 155 |  Niger | 1,267,000 | ||
| 156 |  Mali | 1,240,192 | ||
| 157 |  Ethiopia | 1,104,300 | ||
| 158 |  Bolivia | 1,098,581 | ||
| 159 |  Zambia | 752,612 | ||
| 160 |  Afghanistan | 652,090 | ||
| 161 |  Central African Republic | 622,984 | ||
| 162 |  South Sudan | 619,745 | ||
| 163 |  Botswana | 582,000 | ||
| 164 |  Turkmenistan | 488,100 | ||
| 165 |  Uzbekistan | 447,400 | ||
| 166 |  Paraguay | 406,752 | ||
| 167 |  Zimbabwe | 390,757 | ||
| 168 |  Burkina Faso | 274,222 | ||
| 169 |  Uganda | 241,038 | ||
| 170 |  Laos | 236,800 | ||
| 171 |  Belarus | 207,600 | ||
| 172 |  Kyrgyzstan | 199,951 | ||
| 173 |  Nepal | 147,181 | ||
| 174 |  Tajikistan | 143,100 | ||
| 175 |  Malawi | 118,484 | ||
| 176 |  Hungary | 93,028 | ||
| 177 |  Azerbaijan | 86,600 | ||
| 178 |  Austria | 83,871 | ||
| 179 |  Czech Republic | 78,867 | ||
| 180 |  Serbia | 77,474 | ||
| 181 |  Slovakia | 49,035 | ||
| 182 |  Switzerland | 41,284 | ||
| 183 |  Bhutan | 38,394 | ||
| 184 |  Moldova | 33,846 | ||
| 185 |  Lesotho | 30,355 | ||
| 186 |  Armenia | 29,743 | ||
| 187 |  Burundi | 27,834 | ||
| 188 |  Rwanda | 26,338 | ||
| 189 |  Macedonia | 25,713 | ||
| 190 |  Swaziland | 17,364 | ||
| 191 |  Kosovo[a] | 10,887 | ||
| 192 |  Luxembourg | 2,586 | ||
| 193 |  Andorra | 468 | ||
| 194 |  Liechtenstein | 160 | ||
| 195 |  San Marino | 61 | ||
| 196 |  Vatican City | 0.44 | ||
| Total |  United Nations | 137,159,222 | 25,103,204 | 274,004,586 |
See also
- Air Defense Identification Zone
- Baseline
- Continental shelf
- International waters
- R v Marshall
- Special economic zone
- Territorial waters
Notes and references
Notes:
| a. | ^ Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Kosovo and the Republic of Serbia. The Republic of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence on 17 February 2008, but Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory. The two governments began to normalise relations in 2013, as part of the Brussels Agreement. Kosovo has received formal recognition as an independent state from 113 out of 193 United Nations member states. |
^ The reference gives an approximate figure of 2 million square kilometres for the EEZ claimed by Australia as part of its Antarctic Territory. This is in addition to the 8 million square kilometre total given in the reference. This EEZ is also distinct from the 2.56 million square kilometres of additional continental shelf mentioned in the reference.
References:
^ "Part V – Exclusive Economic Zone, Article 56". Law of the Sea. United Nations. Retrieved 2011-08-28..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ "Part V – Exclusive Economic Zone, Articles 55, 56". Law of the Sea. United Nations.
^ William R. Slomanson, 2006. Fundamental Perspectives on International Law, 5th edn. Belmont, CA: Thomson-Wadsworth, 294.
^ UN Convention on the Law of The Sea.
^ [1] 1982 UN Convention on the Law of The Sea.
^ The Exclusive Economic Zone: A Historical Perspective. Fao.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
^ Russia and Norway Reach Accord on Barents Sea, New York Times, 28 April 2010, Accessed 28 April 2010
^ Russia and Norway resolve Arctic border dispute, Guardian, 15 September 2010, Accessed 21 September 2010
^ "Gas Partnership: Netanyahu Visits Cyprus". Retrieved 1 April 2017.
^ Makris, A. "Cyprus Calls on Turkey to Steer Away From Threats – GreekReporter.com". Retrieved 1 April 2017.
^ The Legal Status of Ice in the Antarctic Region Archived 2006-02-27 at the Wayback Machine.
^ "AWARD OF THE ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL IN THE SECOND STAGE OF THE PROCEEDINGS (MARITIME DELIMITATION)". Permanent Court of Arbitration. Archived from the original on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
^ Kwiatkowska, Barbara (January 2001). "The Eritrea-Yemen Arbitration: Landmark Progress in the Acquisition of Territorial Sovereignty and Equitable Maritime Boundary Delimitation". Ocean Development and International Law. 32 (1). doi:10.1080/00908320150502177.
^ United Nations International Court of Justice Archived 2015-04-16 at the Wayback Machine. Decision year: 2009
^ FAO: The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006 Part3: highlights of Special studies Rome.
ISBN 978-92-5-105568-7
^ FAO (2007) Report of the FAO workshop on vulnerable ecosystems and destructive fishing in deep sea fisheries Rome, Fisheries Report No. 829.
^ The Australian Fishing Zone
^ Geoscience Australia. 2005. Maritime Boundary Definitions Archived 2005-04-05 at the Wayback Machine..
^ UN confirms Australia’s rights over extra 2.5 million square kilometres of seabed. Archived 2009-10-25 at the Wayback Machine. Minister for Resources and Energy, The Hon Martin Ferguson AM MP, Media Release, 21 April 2008."Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-08-27. Retrieved 2008-11-13.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
^ abcd Geoscience Australia, 2012. Education: Oceans and Seas
^ Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, Submission by Australia
^ See Around Us Project (n.d.). "Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ)". Retrieved 3 June 2015.EEZ waters of: Brazil 2,400,917 km², Fernando de Noronha 363,362 km², St Paul and St. Peter Archipelago 413,636 km², Trindade & Martim Vaz Isl. 468,599 km²
^ UN Continental Shelf and UNCLOS Article 76: Brazilian Submission
^ Wildlife Habitat Canada. Canada's Marine Waters: Integrating the Boundaries of Politics and Nature Archived 2005-12-21 at the Wayback Machine..
^ See Around Us Project (n.d.). "Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ)". Retrieved 3 June 2015.EEZ waters of: Chile 1,975,760 km², Desventuradas Isl. 449,836 km², Easter Isl. 720,412 km², J. Fernandez, Felix and Ambrosio Isl. 502,524 km²
^ Γραφείο Τύπου και Πληροφοριών - About us. Cyprus.gov.cy. Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
^ (PDF) http://www.cyprusgasconference.com/pdf/George%20Pamboridis.pdf. Retrieved December 29, 2012. Missing or empty|title=(help)
[dead link]
^ EEZ Waters Of Cyprus. Seaaroundus.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
^ Danish foreign ministry Archived 2008-11-23 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Indirect Proclamation of EEZ – Greece Gives Coordinates Of Continental Shelf To UN ~ HellasFrappe. Hellasfrappe.blogspot.com.es (2013-02-21). Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
^ Israel Recognizes Greek Exclusive Economic Zone | News from Greeks in Africa, Asia, and South America. World.greekreporter.com (2011-02-23). Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
^ Israel defends energy exploration deal with Cyprus | ICEJ UK. Uk.icej.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
^ Sunderarajan, P. "India hopes to double its EEZ". Retrieved 1 April 2017.
^ Japan (main islands) The Sea Around Us Project
^ Japan (outer islands) The Sea Around Us Project
^ Geographic location[permanent dead link]
^ New Zealand Sea Around Us Project
^ Kermadec Islands (New Zealand) The Sea Around Us Project
^ New Zealand Ministry for the Environment (2007). Improving Regulation of Environmental Effects in New Zealand’s Exclusive Economic Zone: Discussion Paper – Introduction Archived 2012-02-07 at the Wayback Machine.. Published August 2007, Publication number ME824.
ISBN 0-978-478-30160-1 Accessed 2006-01-07.
^ Prescott & Schofield 2001, p. 25.
^ Kim 2017, p. 20.
^ Kim 2017, pp. 20, 71–72.
^ Kim 2017, p. 77.
^ Kotch & Abbey 2003, p. 179.
^ ab Van Dyke 2009, p. 42.
^ Kim 2017, p. 51.
^ Statistisk årbok 2007 Accessed January 2008
^ UN backs Norway claim to Arctic seabed extension Archived 2009-12-11 at the Wayback Machine., Canwest News Service, 15 April 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2009.
^ Exclusive Economic Zones – Sea Around Us Project – Fisheries, Ecosystems & Biodiversity – Data and Visualization.
^ Inc., Advanced Solutions International,. "404" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2004. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
^ Task Group for the Extension of the Portuguese Continental Shelf Archived 2009-12-18 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Portugal applies to UN to Extend Its Continental Shelf Zone. Accessed 3 July 2011
^ Lacleta Muñoz, José Manuel: "Las fronteras de España en el mar". Documentos de trabajo 34-2004, Real Instituto Elcano
^ "PREAMBLE TO THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA". Retrieved 1 April 2017.
^ "Sea Around Us Project – Data and Visualization". Archived from the original on 27 April 2006. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
^ abc "Sea Around Us – Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity". Retrieved 1 April 2017.
^ 10 Downing Street. "Countries within a country". Archived from the original on 2010-04-16. Retrieved 2010-01-16.
^ "The Exclusive Economic Zone Order 2013" http://www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
^ Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) Archived January 2, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.. Seaaroundus.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
^ Considering the maritime areas claimed, the total area of the Argentine reaches 6 581 500 km²
Works cited:
Suk Kyoon Kim (2017). Maritime Disputes in Northeast Asia: Regional Challenges and Cooperation. Leiden: BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-34422-8.
Kotch, John Barry; Abbey, Michael (2003). "Ending naval clashes on the Northern Limit Line and the quest for a West Sea peace regime" (PDF). Asian Perspectives. 27 (2): 175–204. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2011.
Prescott, John Robert Victor; Schofield, Clive H. (2001). Furness, Shelagh, ed. "Undelimited Maritime Boundaries of the Asian Rim in the Pacific Ocean". Maritime Briefing. Durham: International Boundaries Research Unit, University of Durham. 3 (1). ISBN 978-1-897643-43-3.
Van Dyke, Jon M. (2009). "Disputes Over Islands and Maritime Boundaries in East Asia". In Seoung Yong Hong, Jon M.; Van Dyke. Maritime Boundary Disputes, Settlement Processes, and the Law of the Sea. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 39–76. ISBN 90-04-17343-9.
External links
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Exclusive economic zones. |
marineregions.org interactive map, showing boundaries and disputes- United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea – Part V
Sea Around Us Project – View the EEZ of all nations (Note that this site does not distinguish between territorial waters and the EEZ, and so tends to overstate EEZ areas.)- The USA zone since 1977
GIS data: VLIZ.be
Foreign Military Activities in Asian EEZs: Conflict Ahead? by Mark J. Valencia (May 2011)- EEZ Management
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