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Football in Italy
Stadio Olimpico in the capital Rome, used by Lazio, Roma and also the Italian national team
Country	Italy
Governing body	FIGC
National team(s)	Italy
First played	1898
National competitions
Coppa Italia Supercoppa Italiana
Club competitions
Serie A Serie B Serie C Serie D Eccellenza Promozione Prima Categoria Seconda Categoria Terza Categoria
International competitions
Champions League Europa League Super Cup FIFA Club World Cup FIFA World Cup (National Team) European Championship (National Team) UEFA Nations League (National Team)

Football (calcio in Italian) is the most popular sport in Italy.^[1] The Italian national football team is considered to be one of the best national teams in the world. They have won the FIFA World Cup four times (1934, 1938, 1982, 2006), trailing only Brazil (with 5), runners-up in two finals (1970, 1994) and reaching a third place (1990) and a fourth place (1978). They have also won one European Championship (1968), also appearing in two finals (2000, 2012), finished third at the Confederations Cup (2013), won one Olympic football tournament (1936) and two Central European International Cups (1927–30 and 1933–35).

Italy's top domestic league, the Serie A, is one of the most popular professional sports leagues in the world and it is often depicted as the most tactical national football league.^[2] Italy's club sides have won 48 major European trophies, making them the second most successful nation in European football. Serie A hosts three of the world's most famous clubs as Juventus, Milan and Inter, all founding members of the G-14, a group which represented the largest and most prestigious European football clubs; Serie A was the only league to produce three founding members. Juventus, Milan and Inter, along with Roma, Fiorentina, Lazio and, historically, Parma but now Napoli are known as the Seven Sisters of Italian football.^[3] Italian managers are the most successful in European Football, especially in competitions such as the Champions League. More players have won the coveted Ballon d'Or award while playing at a Serie A club than any other league in the world.

History

Illustration of a game of Calcio Fiorentino from 1688

Other forms of football were played in Italy in ancient times, the earliest of which was Harpastum, played during the times of the Roman Empire.^[4] This game may have also been influential to other forms throughout Europe due to the expansion of the Empire, including Medieval football. From the 16th century onwards, Calcio Fiorentino, another code of football distinct from the modern game, was played in the Piazza Santa Croce in Florence. Some famous Florentines were amongst players of the game, particularly the Medici family including Piero, Lorenzo and Alessandro de' Medici.^[5] As well as Popes such as Clement VII, Leo XI and Urban VIII^[5] who played the game in the Vatican. The name calcio ("kick") was later adopted for football in Italy.

Italian football is born: Turin and Genoa

The modern variation of the game was brought to Italy during the 1880s. The title of the first Italian football club is a controversial one, the most commonly cited in popular history is Genoa Cricket and Football Club who were formed as a cricket club to represent England abroad, founded by Englishmen in 1893. Three years later in 1896 a man named James Richardson Spensley arrived in Genoa introducing the football section of the club and becoming its first manager.^[6]

However, evidence exists to suggest that the first club may have been from Turin. Edoardo Bosio, a merchant worker in the British textile industry had visited England and experienced the game. He returned to Turin in 1887 and was motivated to help spread football in his homeland. He founded Torino Football and Cricket Club that year while Nobili Torino ("Turin Nobles") soon followed.^[7] The second club bore the name of noble because it contained the Duke of the Abruzzi and Alfonso Ferrero di Ventimiglia (who would later become a president of Italian Football Federation (FIGC)^[8]). The two merged in 1891 to form Internazionale Football Club Torino,^[9][10] By 1898 the rival federation FIGC had been formed, with its center originally in Turin and the first two presidents as Mario Vicary and Luigi D'Ovidio.

FIGC created the Italian Football Championship with the four founder clubs being; Genoa, FBC Torinese, Ginnastica Torino and Internazionale Torino. The first competition of which was held at Velodromo Umberto I in Turin on 8 May 1898 and was won by Genoa. While it was common for clubs to compete in both FIGC and FNGI competitions early on,^[10] the titles won in the FIGC championship are the only ones officially recognised by the modern day league.^[11]

In the following years, the tournament (called Prima Categoria) was structured into regional groups with the winners of each group participating in a playoff with the eventual winners being declared champions. Until to 1904 the tournament was dominated by Genoa, who won 6 titles in 7 years. Between 1905 and 1908 a Final Group among regional champions was contested to award the title and the Spensley Cup. Juventus won his first title and Spensley Cup in 1905, but the two following championships were won by Milan.

The Italianisation and the "split" of the Championship

In November 1907, the FIF organised two championships in the same season:^[12]

1. 
   Italian Championship, the main tournament where only Italian players were allowed to play; the winners would be proclaimed Campioni d'Italia (Italian Champions) and would be awarded Coppa Buni
   


2. 
   Federal Championship, a secondary tournament where foreign players (if they lived in Italy) were also allowed to play; the winners would be proclaimed Campioni Federali (Federal Champions) and would be awarded the Coppa Spensley^[13]
   

The FIF wanted to organize two different championships in order to allow weaker clubs composed only of Italian players ("squadre pure italiane", "pure Italian teams") to win the national title, and to relegate simultaneously the big clubs composed mostly of stronger foreign players ("squadre spurie internazionali", "spurious international teams") in a minor competition for a "consolation prize".^[14][15][16] The majority of big clubs (Genoa, Torino and Milan) withdrew from both the championships in order to protest against the autarchical policy of the FIF. The Federal Championship was won by Juventus against Doria,^[17] while The Italian Championship 1908 and Coppa Buni were won by Pro Vercelli, beating Juventus, Doria and US Milanese. However, the Federal Championship won by Juventus was later forgotten by FIGC, due to the boycott made by the dissident clubs.

In 1909 season, the two different championships were organised again, with Coppa Oberti in lieu of Coppa Spensley for the Federal Championship. This time, the majority of big clubs decide to only withdraw from Italian Championship in order to make the Federal competition the most relevant tournament, and to diminish the Italian one. The Federal Championship was won by Pro Vercelli, beating US Milanese in the Final, while the Italian Championship was won by Juventus, again beating US Milanese in the Final.^[18] However, the dissenters' strategy worked out: the failure of the Italian Championship won by Juventus forced FIGC to later recognized the Federal Champions of Pro Vercelli as "Campioni d'Italia 1909", disavowing the other tournament.

The format was modified for the 1909–10 season which was played in a league format. Nine clubs participated, playing each other both home and away. The split between Federal and Italian championship was not completely abolished, because, while unifying these tournaments, it was decided for the last time to assign two titles at the end of the season, Infact, FIGC established that would be proclaimed Federal Champions (now turned into the main title) the first placed club in the general classification, while it would be recognized as Italian Champions (now become the secondary title) the best placed club among the four "pure Italian teams", depending on the head-to-head matches.^[19] At the end of the season, Pro Vercelli and Inter placed both in the first place, so a playoff was needed in order to assign the Federal title (the Italian one was won by Pro Vercelli). This season was the first victory for Internazionale, who defeated Pro Vercelli in the final by a score of 10–3. Even the Italian title won by Pro Vercelli was later forgotten.^[20]

National championship

A first national competition organized by the Italian Federation of Gymnastics (F.N.G.I.) was played in 1896 and won by the S. Udinese G.S. team from Udine (north east Italy, Friuli-Venezia Giulia Region). In 1897, a second national gymnastic-football tournament was staged by the FNGI and was won by S.G. Torinese. In 1898 the Federation Italienne du Football (FIF – FIGC) was finally formed and the first national championship was organized, with regional tournaments and playoffs. This is considered to be the first proper national football championship and was won by Genoa.

National teams

The Italian national team, called Azzurri or squadra azzurra for their blue shirts, are the second-most successful national team in the world. During the 1970s to early 1990s Italy became famous for their catenaccio, thus heralding a long line of world class defenders such as Virginio Rosetta, Pietro Rava, Carlo Parola, Giacinto Facchetti, Armando Picchi, Gaetano Scirea, Antonio Cabrini, Claudio Gentile, Franco Baresi, Giuseppe Bergomi, Paolo Maldini, Fabio Cannavaro and Alessandro Nesta.

A women's team, an under-21 team, an under-20 team, an under-19 team, and an under-17 team also compete.

Their honours include:

Competition				Total
World Cup	4	2	1	7
Olympic Games	1	0	2	3
European Championship	1	2	1	4
Confederations Cup	0	0	1	1
Central European International Cup	2	2	0	4
Total	8	6	5	19

World Champions squads

• 1934 FIFA World Cup squad


• 1938 FIFA World Cup squad


• 1982 FIFA World Cup squad


• 2006 FIFA World Cup squad

European Champions players

• UEFA Euro 1968 squad

European competitions for clubs

• 12 UEFA European Cups won in 28 finals (second behind Spain)


• 7 UEFA Cup Winners' Cups won in 11 finals (first is England with 8/13)


• 9 UEFA Cups won in 15 finals (second behind Spain)


• 9 UEFA Super Cups won in 12 finals (second behind Spain)


• 9 Intercontinental/World Club Cups (first are Brazil and Spain)

In Total:

• Italy, 46 cups and 66 finals (second behind Spain)

UEFA Champions League

The following teams have advanced to the final of the European Cup / UEFA Champions League.

• 
  Internazionale (1963–64 – Champions, 1964–65 – Champions, 1966–67 – Runners-up, 1971–72 – Runners-up, 2009–10 – Champions)


• 
  Fiorentina (1956–57 – Runners-up)


• 
  Milan (1957–58 – Runners-up, 1962–63 – Champions, 1968–69 – Champions, 1988–89 – Champions, 1989–90 – Champions, 1992–93 – Runners-up, 1993–94 – Champions, 1994–95 – Runners-up, 2002–03 – Champions, 2004–05 – Runners-up, 2006–07 – Champions)


• 
  Juventus (1972–73 – Runners-up, 1982–83 – Runners-up, 1984–85 – Champions, 1995–96 – Champions, 1996–97 – Runners-up, 1997–98 – Runners-up, 2002–03 – Runners-up, 2014–15 – Runners-up, 2016–17 – Runners-up)


• 
  Roma (1983–84 – Runners up)


• 
  Sampdoria (1991–92 – Runners-up)

References

• Carlo Chiesa, La grande storia del calcio italiano, published in installments on Il Guerin Sportivo, April 2012

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Association football in Italy.

• 
  Football in Italy at Curlie