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Super Bowl XXIII
16	20
Date	; January 22, 1989 (1989-01-22);
Stadium	; Joe Robbie Stadium, Miami, Florida;
MVP	; Jerry Rice, wide receiver;
Favorite	49ers by 7;
Referee	Jerry Seeman
Attendance	75,129;
Future Hall of Famers;
	; Bengals: Anthony Muñoz; 49ers: Eddie DeBartolo, Jr. (owner), Bill Walsh (coach), Charles Haley, Ronnie Lott, Joe Montana, Jerry Rice, Steve Young;
Ceremonies
National anthem	Billy Joel
Coin toss	; Nick Buoniconti, Bob Griese, and Larry Little;
Halftime show	"Be Bop Bamboozled" – South Florida-area dancers and performers including Elvis Presto, and 3-D effects
TV in the United States
Network	NBC
Announcers	; Dick Enberg and Merlin Olsen;
Nielsen ratings	43.5 ; (est. 81.6 million viewers);
Market share	68
Cost of 30-second commercial	$675,000
	; ← XXII; ; ; ; Super Bowl; ; ; ; XXIV →; ; ;

Super Bowl XXIII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Cincinnati Bengals and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion San Francisco 49ers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1988 season. The 49ers defeated the Bengals by the score of 20–16, winning their third Super Bowl. The game was played on January 22, 1989 at Joe Robbie Stadium in Miami (now part of the suburb of Miami Gardens, which became a separate city in 2003). This was the first Super Bowl hosted in the Miami area in 10 years, and the first in Miami not held at the Orange Bowl.

This was the second meeting between these two teams in the Super Bowl; their first meeting was seven years earlier. The game was also the third rematch between Super Bowl teams after Super Bowl XIII and Super Bowl XVII. This was the Bengals' second Super Bowl appearance after finishing the regular season with a 12–4 record. The 49ers were making their third Super Bowl appearance after posting a 10–6 regular season record.

The game is best remembered for the 49ers' fourth-quarter game-winning drive. Down 16–13, San Francisco got the ball on their own eight-yard line with 3:10 on the clock and marched 92 yards down the field in under three minutes. They then scored the winning touchdown on a Joe Montana pass to John Taylor with just 34 seconds left in the game. The game was tight throughout. The teams combined for 5 field goals, and battled to a 3–3 score by the end of the second quarter, the first halftime tie in Super Bowl history. Cincinnati's only touchdown, a 93-yard kickoff return by Stanford Jennings in the third quarter, was quickly answered by a four-play, 85-yard drive that ended with San Francisco wide receiver Jerry Rice's 14-yard touchdown reception. Rice, who was named the Super Bowl MVP, caught 11 passes for a Super Bowl record 215 yards and a touchdown, while also rushing once for 5 yards.

Background

NFL owners voted to award Super Bowl XXIII to Miami, Florida on March 14, 1985 during their March 10–15, 1985 meetings held in Phoenix. This was the sixth time that Miami hosted the game, and the first at Joe Robbie Stadium; the 5 previous Super Bowls in the area were played at the Miami Orange Bowl.

Originally, the selection was to be voted on during the May 23–25, 1984 meetings.^[5] However, after balloting for XXI took more than two hours, voting for XXIII was rescheduled. Twelve cities were part of the bidding process, which was scheduled to award two Super Bowls (XXIII and XXIV). The bidding cities included: Anaheim, Detroit, Houston, Jacksonville, Miami, Minneapolis, New Orleans, Philadelphia, San Francisco, Seattle, Tampa, and Tempe.^[6] Miami entered as the favorite.^[6]

This was the last Super Bowl played on the second to last Sunday in January. From 1990 to 2001, the game was played on the last Sunday of January and since 2002, on the first Sunday in February (with the exception of Super Bowl XXXVII, which was played on January 26, 2003). This was also the last east coast Super Bowl that began under daylight.

San Francisco 49ers

For the 49ers, it was their first Super Bowl appearance since they defeated the Miami Dolphins in Super Bowl XIX. They had made the playoffs in the three seasons between Super Bowl XIX and Super Bowl XXIII, but were eliminated each time in the first round, primarily because of the poor performances by their offensive stars in those games; quarterback Joe Montana, receiver Jerry Rice, and running back Roger Craig all failed to produce a single touchdown. The previous season's 36–24 playoff loss to the Minnesota Vikings had been a particularly low point for Montana, who had played so poorly that head coach Bill Walsh had benched him early in the third quarter.

In the 1988 season, San Francisco won the NFC West with a 10–6 regular season record, but it was a long uphill battle. The team had a quarterback controversy with Montana and Steve Young each starting during the season. But after a 6–5 start, Montana led the 49ers to win four of their final five regular season games.

Montana finished the regular season with 238 completions for 2,981 yards and 18 touchdowns, and also added 132 rushing yards. His favorite target was Rice, who recorded 64 receptions for 1,306 yards (a 20.4 yards per catch average) and 9 touchdowns. Craig was also a key contributor, leading the team in receptions (76) while finishing the season with a total of 2,036 combined rushing and receiving yards and 10 touchdowns, earning him the NFL Offensive Player of the Year Award. Fullback Tom Rathman also made a big impact, rushing for 427 yards and catching 42 passes for 387 yards. San Francisco also had a major special teams threat in second-year receiver John Taylor, who led the NFL in punt return yards (556), yards per return, (12.6), and touchdowns (2). He also gained 228 yards on kickoff returns and 325 receiving yards on just 14 receptions (a 23.2 yards per catch average).

The 49ers' defense was led by defensive backs Ronnie Lott, Eric Wright, Jeff Fuller, and Tim McKyer, who recorded a combined total of 18 interceptions. McKyer led the team with 7, while Lott recorded 5. Linebacker Charles Haley was also a big contributor with 11.5 sacks and 2 fumble recoveries.

Cincinnati Bengals

The Bengals were also a team on the rebound. During the strike-shortened 1987 season, quarterback Boomer Esiason and head coach Sam Wyche had openly feuded, and the team finished with a miserable 4–11 record. A lot of Bengals fans would have been happy to see them both leave the team, but they worked out their differences in the offseason, and Esiason ended up having the best season of his career en route to Super Bowl XXIII. During the regular season, he threw for 3,572 yards and 28 touchdowns with only 14 interceptions, while also rushing for 248 yards and a touchdown on 43 carries. Esiason's performance made him the top-rated quarterback in the league with a 97.4 passer rating and earned him the NFL Most Valuable Player Award.

Cincinnati had a number of offensive weapons, boasting six Pro Bowl selections. Wide receiver Eddie Brown was the top receiver on the team, with 54 receptions for 1,273 yards and 9 touchdowns, setting franchise records for most receiving yards in season, highest yards per catch average in a season (24.0) and most receiving yards in a single game (216 against the Pittsburgh Steelers). Wide receiver Tim McGee and Pro Bowl tight end Rodney Holman were also major threats, combining for 75 receptions, 1,213 yards, and 9 touchdowns. Rookie fullback Ickey Woods was their top rusher with 1,066 yards and 15 touchdowns, while also catching 21 passes for 199 yards and gaining a lot of media attention with his "Ickey Shuffle", a dance routine he did in the end zone to celebrate his touchdowns. Multi-talented running back James Brooks was also a key contributor, gaining a total of 1,218 combined rushing and receiving yards and 14 touchdowns. And the Bengals' offensive line was led by such Pro Bowl players as right guard Max Montoya and left tackle Anthony Muñoz. Muñoz was named the NFL Offensive Lineman of the Year for the third time in his career, and was selected to play in the Pro Bowl for the 8th season in a row. With all these weapons, Cincinnati's offense led the NFL in scoring (448 points), rushing yards (2,710), and total yards (6,302).

The Bengals' defense ranked 17th in the league, allowing 5,556 yards and 329 points during the regular season. Cincinnati had a superb defensive line^{[citation needed]}, led by Pro Bowl defensive tackle Tim Krumrie, along with linemen Jim Skow (9.5 sacks), David Grant (5 sacks), and Jason Buck (6 sacks). Their linebacking corps was led by 13-year veteran Reggie Williams, one of six players remaining from their 1981 Super Bowl team. Pro Bowl defensive backs Eric Thomas and David Fulcher combined for 12 interceptions, while safety Lewis Billups added 4 interceptions and 2 fumble recoveries. The team ended up winning the AFC Central with a 12–4 record.

Playoffs

The Bengals defeated the Bills in the AFC Championship Game.

The Bengals went on to defeat the Seattle Seahawks in the AFC Divisional playoff game 21–13, and the Buffalo Bills in the AFC Championship Game 21–10. Woods was the key contributor in both wins, rushing for a combined total of 228 yards and 3 touchdowns. Cincinnati's 17th-ranked defense during the season made a major improvement in the playoffs, holding both their opponents to a combined total of 23 points and recording 5 interceptions.

Meanwhile, Bill Walsh guided the 49ers to crushing playoff wins over the Minnesota Vikings, 34–9 and the Chicago Bears, 28–3. With the win over the Bears, the 49ers became the first road team to win an NFC Championship Game since the 1979 season.

Super Bowl pregame news

Despite the Bengals' superior regular season record and Esiason's MVP award, the 49ers were heavily favored to win the Super Bowl, mainly because of Montana. Montana had already led the 49ers to two previous Super Bowls and both times left with a championship ring and Super Bowl MVP honors. Esiason was also suffering from a sore left (throwing) shoulder, although the Bengals tried to keep it under wraps and made up for a lack of big-play passing attack with a run-heavy offense led by Woods and Brooks against their first two playoff opponents, Seattle and Buffalo.

While Montana had his ups and downs during the regular season, he appeared to be playing his best in the postseason, throwing for 466 yards and 5 touchdowns in his two playoff games, with only 1 interception. In contrast, the sore-shouldered Esiason had thrown for only 202 yards and 1 touchdown, with 2 interceptions, in the Bengals' two playoff victories.

While in Miami, Cincinnati suffered a major blow even before the game began. On the night before the Super Bowl, Stanley Wilson, the Bengals' best fullback and their third-leading rusher during the season with 398 yards, was caught using cocaine in his hotel room. The Bengals had no choice but to leave him off the roster. It was Wilson's third violation of the league's drug policy, and as a result he was banned from the league for life.^[7]

Both coaches had a long history with each other. In 1979, 49ers coach Bill Walsh had talked Sam Wyche out of retirement to come and join the team as an assistant coach. Wyche remained on Walsh's coaching staff until 1982, winning a Super Bowl ring against the Bengals in Super Bowl XVI.

The rematch was the third time in Super Bowl history two teams were meeting for a second time. Miami and Washington met in Super Bowls VII and XVII, with the teams splitting the games. Dallas and Pittsburgh met in Super Bowls X and XIII, with Pittsburgh winning both of those games. Both Dallas-Pittsburgh matchups were in Miami at the Orange Bowl. Pittsburgh and Dallas would later meet in Super Bowl XXX (which the Cowboys won by 10) to become the first two teams to ever meet three times in the Super Bowl. The Cowboys and Bills (Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII), Eagles and Patriots (Super Bowls XXXIX and LII), and Giants and Patriots (Super Bowls XLII and XLVI) have also met in two Super Bowls each.

Overtown rioting

On January 16, a Hispanic Miami police officer shot and killed a speeding black motorcyclist in the Overtown section of Miami.^[8] A large crowd gathered and turned violent, leading to rioting and looting which lasted into January 18. A television van and several automobiles and buildings were set on fire, and police used tear gas against the rioters.^[9] A teenager was shot and killed in the melee and more than $1 million worth of damage was done.

Rumors began that the Super Bowl might be moved to Tampa, and the incident later prompted the NFL to look at the league's hiring of minorities and its lack of black coaches.^[10]

Broadcasting

The game was broadcast in the United States by NBC with Dick Enberg handling the play-by-play duties and color commentator Merlin Olsen in the broadcast booth. This would be Olsen's final Super Bowl broadcast, as he was demoted the following season to make room for retiring 49ers head coach Bill Walsh. Bob Costas and Gayle Gardner hosted the Super Bowl Live! pregame (2 hours), halftime, and postgame coverage with analysts Paul Maguire and then-Miami Dolphins head coach Don Shula. Also assisting with NBC's coverage were pregame roving reporter Jim Gray (who was also working as a researcher for NBC Sports at the time) and Marv Albert, who interviewed Sam Wyche and Boomer Esiason after the game. Meanwhile, during NBC's pregame coverage, Ahmad Rashād and John Candy hosted the Diet Pepsi Talent Challenge at the Miami Seaquarium. Also, Frank Deford narrated a special segment profiling recently deceased Pittsburgh Steelers owner Art Rooney.

This was also the first NFL game that NBC covered with their new "Quantel Cypher" graphics system, which was introduced during their coverage of the 1988 Seoul Olympics (they had used Chyron for their graphics prior to Super Bowl XXIII). NBC also introduced their "cursive font" logo during this broadcast. Before, it was just the 1986 peacock logo with "NBC SPORTS" in their generic corporate font.

With the win, the 49ers became the first team to win Super Bowls televised on three different networks (CBS–XVI, ABC–XIX, and NBC). Since then, the Washington Redskins (in 1992), the Green Bay Packers (in 1997), the Pittsburgh Steelers (in 2006), the New York Giants (in 2008), and the New England Patriots (in 2015) have accomplished this same feat.

The movie Brotherhood of the Rose aired after the game.

This game also marked the debut of the USA Today Super Bowl Ad Meter. The first winner of the annual survey was an ad from American Express starring Saturday Night Live stars Dana Carvey and Jon Lovitz, who went to the game with different credit cards – Carvey with American Express, Lovitz with AmEx rival Visa.

The game aired on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom, and simulcast on CTV in Canada and Televisa's Canal de las Estrellas in Mexico. For viewers watching the game on AFN TV Europe (Armed Forces Network), AFN and NBC broke for a commercial just before the Montana-Taylor touchdown play. AFN continued their announcements and did not get back to the game until after the touchdown. AFN viewers saw the winning touchdown in replay.

On radio, The game was broadcast in the United States by CBS with Jack Buck handling the play-by-play duties and color commentator Hank Stram in the broadcast booth. Brent Musburger hosted the pregame, halftime, and postgame coverage with analysts Dick Butkus, Irv Cross and Will McDonough, all from CBS' The NFL Today. Locally, Super Bowl XXIII was broadcast by WKRC-AM in Cincinnati with Phil Samp, Ken Anderson and Dave Lapham and by KGO-AM in San Francisco with Lon Simmons (calling his final game as 49ers play-by-play announcer), Wayne Walker and Joe Starkey.

Entertainment

The pregame festivities honored the Miami and South Florida areas, along with a tribute to NASA.

Singer Billy Joel later sang the national anthem. He also sang the national anthem at Super Bowl XLI, which coincidentally was held at the same venue. The coin toss ceremony featured former Miami Dolphins players Nick Buoniconti, Bob Griese, and Larry Little.

This was the last outdoor Super Bowl to start earlier than 6 p.m. Eastern Standard Time, as it started just after 5 p.m.

The halftime show was titled "Be Bop Bamboozled in 3-D" and featured Elvis Presto (played by then-Solid Gold dancer Alex Cole) and hundreds of South Florida-area dancers and performers. Ironically, not one actual Elvis Presley song was performed. Several scenes included computer generated 3-D images. Prior to the game, Coca-Cola distributed 3-D glasses at retailers for viewers to use. At the onset of the halftime show, primary sponsor Diet Coke aired the first commercial in 3-D (Coca-Cola had originally planned to use the 3-D Diet Coke commercial as part of the 1987–1988, aired in 3-D season finale of Moonlighting, but withdrew plans due to the 1988 Writers Guild of America Strike).

Game summary

First Quarter

Super Bowl XXIII started out with devastating injuries on both sides. On the third play of the game, 49ers tackle Steve Wallace was taken off the field with a broken ankle. Later on, Bengals defensive lineman Tim Krumrie twisted his ankle nearly 180 degrees, shattering two bones in his left leg.

After the two teams traded punts on their first drives of the game, the 49ers, aided by a roughing the passer penalty and a 17-yard screen pass to fullback Tom Rathman on 3rd-and-10, marched 73 yards from their own 3-yard line to the Bengals 24. But dropped passes, including one by receiver Mike Wilson on the 2-yard line (the first time in a Super Bowl that instant replay was used to reverse a call), forced them to settle for a 41-yard field goal from kicker Mike Cofer.

On the 49ers' next drive, Montana threw a pass to wide receiver Jerry Rice, who first tipped it to himself and then made a one-handed catch before stepping out of bounds at the San Francisco 45-yard line.

Second Quarter

Then after reaching the Cincinnati 42-yard line, Montana spotted defensive back Lewis Billups trying to cover Rice one-on-one and made him pay for it by completing a pass to the receiver at the 10. But two plays later on a third-down play, Bengals safety David Fulcher made a touchdown saving tackle at the 2-yard line to keep Rathman from scoring. Cofer then attempted a 19-yard field goal, but a poor snap from center Randy Cross (though NBC's Dick Enberg initially blamed backup guard Chuck Thomas; who lined up next to Cross and split long-snapping duties; primarily on punts) threw off the kicker's timing and his kick sailed wide left. Cofer succeeded Rich Karlis, who missed a 21-yard field goal in Super Bowl XXI, as the kicker with the shortest missed field goal in Super Bowl history, a record that still holds.

The 49ers then forced the Bengals to punt on their next drive. On the play, San Francisco Pro Bowl punt returner John Taylor misplayed punter Lee Johnson's kick, and it sailed over his head, bouncing all the way to the 49ers 9-yard line to make it a Super Bowl record 63-yard punt. But Taylor made up for his mistake by chasing the ball down and returning it for a then-Super Bowl record 45 yards to the Bengals 46-yard line. Thanks to Taylor, a seemingly routine punt had turned into a double record setter. Taylor's Super Bowl record for longest punt return stood for 27 seasons until Super Bowl 50, when Denver Broncos' return specialist Jordan Norwood had a 61-yard return.

However, the 49ers were unable to take advantage of their excellent starting field position. On first down, running back Harry Sydney fumbled a pitch from Montana and was downed for a 10-yard loss after he dove on the ball. On the next play, Montana was sacked by defensive lineman David Grant (who replaced Krumrie at nose tackle). Then on third down, Fulcher forced a fumble from 49ers running back Roger Craig, and Bengals defensive end Jim Skow recovered the ball on his own 41-yard line. Cincinnati then drove to the San Francisco 42-yard line, but after 2 incomplete passes and defensive end Danny Stubbs's 8-yard sack on Bengals quarterback Boomer Esiason, they were forced to punt. However, Johnson pinned the 49ers back at their own 11-yard line with his punt. Then the Cincinnati defense limited the 49ers to just 1 yard on their ensuing drive, and ended up with great field position after defensive back Ray Horton returned San Francisco punter Barry Helton's 37-yard punt 5 yards to the 49ers 44-yard line.

On their ensuing drive, the Bengals managed to get into scoring range by driving 28 yards to the San Francisco 16-yard line, assisted by an 18-yard completion from Esiason to receiver Tim McGee. But after Esiason's third down pass intended for wide receiver Eddie Brown was overthrown, they were forced to settle for kicker Jim Breech's 34-yard field goal with 1:15 left in the half.

The two teams went into their locker rooms tied 3–3, the first halftime tie in Super Bowl history, and the lowest halftime score since the Pittsburgh Steelers took a 2–0 halftime lead over the Minnesota Vikings in Super Bowl IX.

Third Quarter

On their opening possession in the second half, the Bengals managed to get a sustained drive going, moving the ball 61 yards in 12 plays and taking 9:15 off the clock. Esiason, who completed only 4 of 12 passes for 48 yards in the first half, completed 3 of 4 passes for 54 yards on the drive, including a 20-yard completion to James Brooks and 23-yard and 11-yard completions to Cris Collinsworth, setting up a 43-yard field goal from Breech to give the Bengals their first lead of the game, 6–3. Cincinnati then forced San Francisco to punt, but on the first play of their next drive, 49ers rookie linebacker Bill Romanowski intercepted a pass from Esiason at the Bengals 23-yard line. However, after a dropped pass by Rice, the 49ers' offense could not get a first down, and they had to settle for Cofer's 32-yard field goal to tie the game, 6-6.

With less than a minute left in the third quarter, it appeared that this would become the first Super Bowl ever to go three quarters without either team scoring a touchdown. But on the ensuing kickoff, Stanford Jennings received the ball at the 7-yard line, ran straight up the middle behind a wedge of blockers, and burst out of the pack into the open field. 49ers receiver Terry Greer managed to chase him down and trip him up at the 1, but he still fell into the end zone for a 93-yard touchdown return, giving the Bengals a 13–6 lead. Jennings joined Fulton Walker as the only other player at that time to return a kickoff for a touchdown in the Super Bowl. In the next three Super Bowls played in what is now Hard Rock Stadium, players duplicated Jennings' feat: Andre Coleman returned a kickoff against the 49ers in Super Bowl XXIX for the San Diego Chargers, Tim Dwight did so for the Atlanta Falcons against the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XXXIII, and Devin Hester did so for the Chicago Bears against the Indianapolis Colts in Super Bowl XLI.

But the 49ers immediately responded with a touchdown of their own on an 85-yard, 4-play drive. First, Montana threw a short pass to Rice, who turned it into a 31-yard gain.

Fourth Quarter

Then the San Francisco quarterback completed a 40-yard pass to Craig on the first play of the 4th quarter, moving the ball to the Bengals 14-yard line. Montana's next pass was nearly intercepted but dropped by Lewis Billups in the end zone. Montana then threw a 14-yard touchdown pass to Rice, and the game was tied, 13–13.

Cofer's ensuing kickoff went out of bounds, giving the Bengals the ball at their own 35-yard line. But they could only reach the 43-yard line before being forced to punt. Taylor nearly turned the ball over by fumbling Johnson's punt, but teammate Darryl Pollard recovered the ball at the San Francisco 18-yard line. On the first play of the ensuing drive, Montana completed a 44-yard pass to Rice, and then Craig ran for 7 yards, moving the ball to the Bengals 31-yard line. But after Craig was tackled for a 1-yard loss on the next play, Fulcher broke up a third-down pass intended for Taylor, and then Cofer's ensuing 49-yard field attempt sailed wide right.

The Bengals took over from their own 32-yard line following the missed field goal, and retook the lead with a 10-play, 46-yard drive, featuring a 17-yard reception by backup receiver Ira Hillary on third down and 13, along with 21 yards on three carries from Ickey Woods and a 12-yard play-action sideline pass to James Brooks. At the end of the drive, Breech kicked a 40-yard field goal, giving the Bengals a 16–13 lead with 3:20 left in the game. The 49ers returned the ensuing kickoff to their own 15-yard line with 3:10 on the clock, but an illegal block penalty on the play pushed the ball back half the distance to the goal line to the 8.

Montana then led an 11-play, 92-yard drive to score the winning touchdown. In order to calm his teammates in the huddle just before the final game-winning drive, Montana pointed into the stadium crowd and said "Hey, isn't that John Candy?" The tactic worked,^[11] and the 49ers were able to drive down the field for the win. It became the defining moment of Montana's "Joe Cool" reputation. Assuming that the Bengals would expect him to throw the ball near the sidelines (to enable the receivers to step out of bounds to immediately stop the clock), Montana first threw a pair of completions in the middle of the field, one to Craig and one to tight end John Frank. His next pass went to the right sideline, 7 yards to Rice, which was then followed up by a pair of runs by Craig to reach their own 35-yard line. Montana then completed a 17-yard pass to Rice to advance to the Bengals 48-yard line, and followed it up with a 13-yard completion to Craig to move them to the 35-yard line.

But on the next play, Montana threw his first incomplete pass of the drive, overthrowing Rice. After that, Cross committed an illegal man downfield penalty, which at the time was a 10-yard foul, moving the ball back to the 45-yard line and bringing up second down and 20 to go with just 1:15 left in the game. But Montana overcame the situation on the next play with a 27-yard completion to Rice, who caught the ball at the 33, evaded three Bengal defenders, and ran to the 18-yard line before Horton managed to tackle him to prevent a touchdown. An 8-yard pass to Craig then advanced San Francisco to the 10-yard line. Then with 39 seconds left in the game, Montana finished the drive with a 10-yard touchdown pass to Taylor, giving the 49ers the lead for good. Finally, San Francisco's defense sealed the victory after Esiason's pass to Collinsworth was broken up as time expired.

Although Jerry Rice was named MVP, Montana had an MVP-worthy performance, completing 23 of 36 passes for a Super Bowl record 357 yards, throwing for 2 touchdowns, and gaining 14 rushing yards. Craig finished the game with 71 yards rushing, and 8 receptions for 101 receiving yards. He was the first running back in Super Bowl history to gain over 100 receiving yards. Taylor finished the game with a Super Bowl record 56 punt return yards. His 18.7 yards per return was also the highest average in Super Bowl history. Linebacker Charles Haley had six tackles and two sacks. For Cincinnati, Jennings rushed one time for 3 yards, and gained 117 yards and a touchdown on 2 kickoff returns. Woods was the top rusher of the game with 79 yards. But Esiason was limited to just 11 out of 25 completions for 144 yards and no touchdowns, with 1 interception. Collinsworth (who retired after this game) was the Bengals' top receiver of the game, but with just 3 catches for 40 yards.

The 49ers became the 6th team to win the Super Bowl over a team with a better regular season record going into the game (10–6 for the 49ers to 12–4 for the Bengals). The 49ers also became the first team, since the NFL went to a 16-game schedule in 1978, to win the Super Bowl after winning only 10 games during the regular season. Their six regular season losses were tied for the most ever by a Super Bowl champion, until the 9–7 New York Giants won Super Bowl XLVI following the 2011 season. Additionally, the 49ers' 13 combined regular season and postseason wins are tied for the lowest ever for a league champion, also tied with the 2011 New York Giants.

Box score

Super Bowl XXIII: San Francisco 49ers 20, Cincinnati Bengals 16

	1	2	3	4	Total
Bengals (AFC)	0	3	10	3	16
49ers (NFC)	3	0	3	14	20

at Joe Robbie Stadium, Miami, Florida

Date: January 22, 1989

Game time: 5:18 p.m. EST

Game weather: 76 °F (24 °C), cloudy with winds of 25–30 MPH^[12]

Scoring summary

Quarter	Time	Drive			Team	Scoring information	Score
Quarter	Time	Plays	Yards	TOP	Team	Scoring information	CIN	SF
1	3:14	13	73	5:02	SF	41-yard field goal by Mike Cofer	0	3
2	1:15	6	28	2:49	CIN	34-yard field goal by Jim Breech	3	3
3	5:39	13	61	9:21	CIN	43-yard field goal by Breech	6	3
3	0:50	4	8	1:30	SF	32-yard field goal by Cofer	6	6
3	0:34	—	—	—	CIN	Stanford Jennings 93-yard kickoff return for a touchdown, Breech kick good	13	6
4	14:03	4	85	1:31	SF	Jerry Rice 14-yard touchdown reception from Joe Montana, Cofer kick good	13	13
4	3:20	11	46	5:27	CIN	40-yard field goal by Breech	16	13
4	0:34	11	92	2:46	SF	John Taylor 10-yard touchdown reception from Montana, Cofer kick good	16	20
"TOP" = time of possession. For other American football terms, see Glossary of American football.							16	20

Aftermath

This was the final NFL game coached by the 49ers' Bill Walsh, as he retired from his job after the game. After spending the next three seasons as a broadcaster for NBC, he then coached Stanford from 1992 to 1994. Walsh then returned to the 49ers' front office, first serving as the team's Vice President and General Manager from 1999 to 2001, and as a consultant from 2002 to 2004.

This was also the final Super Bowl that Pete Rozelle presided over as NFL Commissioner. Paul Tagliabue was selected by league owners as Rozelle's successor in 1989.

The Bengals have only recorded one postseason win since Super Bowl XXIII, a Wild Card Playoff game against the Houston Oilers on January 6, 1991, and currently hold the NFL's longest active drought between postseason victories.

On January 26, 2006, NFL.com ranked this game number 1 on its list of the top 10 Super Bowls of all time.^[13]

Final statistics

Sources: NFL.com Super Bowl XXIII, Super Bowl XXIII Play Finder SF, Super Bowl XXIII Play Finder Cin, Super Bowl XXIII Play by Play, The Football Database Super Bowl XXIII

Statistical comparison

	Cincinnati Bengals	San Francisco 49ers
First downs	13	23
First downs rushing	7	6
First downs passing	6	16
First downs penalty	0	1
Third down efficiency	4/13	4/13
Fourth down efficiency	0/1	0/0
Net yards rushing	106	111
Rushing attempts	28	28
Yards per rush	3.8	4.0
Passing – Completions/attempts	11/25	23/36
Times sacked-total yards	5–21	3–14
Interceptions thrown	1	0
Net yards passing	123	343
Total net yards	229	454
Punt returns-total yards	2–5	3–56
Kickoff returns-total yards	3–132	5–77
Interceptions-total return yards	0–0	1–0
Punts-average yardage	5–44.2	4–37.0
Fumbles-lost	1–0	4–1
Penalties-total yards	7–65	4–32
Time of possession	32:43	27:17
Turnovers	1	1

Individual statistics

Bengals Passing
	C/ATT¹	Yds	TD	INT	Rating
Boomer Esiason	11/25	144	0	1	46.1
Bengals Rushing
	Car²	Yds	TD	LG³	Yds/Car
Ickey Woods	20	79	0	10	3.95
James Brooks	6	24	0	11	4.00
Stanford Jennings	1	3	0	3	3.00
Boomer Esiason	1	0	0	0	0.00
Bengals Receiving
	Rec⁴	Yds	TD	LG³	Target⁵
Cris Collinsworth	3	40	0	23	6
Eddie Brown	3	32	0	17	6
James Brooks	2	32	0	20	3
Tim McGee	2	23	0	18	6
Ira Hillary	1	17	0	17	1
Rodney Holman	0	0	0	0	1
Jim Riggs	0	0	0	0	1

49ers Passing
	C/ATT¹	Yds	TD	INT	Rating
Joe Montana	23/36	357	2	0	115.2
49ers Rushing
	Car²	Yds	TD	LG³	Yds/Car
Roger Craig	17	71	0	13	4.18
Tom Rathman	5	23	0	11	4.60
Joe Montana	4	13	0	11	3.25
Jerry Rice	1	5	0	5	5.00
49ers Receiving
	Rec⁴	Yds	TD	LG³	Target⁵
Jerry Rice	11	215	1	44	15
Roger Craig	8	101	0	40	12
John Frank	2	15	0	8	3
Tom Rathman	1	16	0	16	1
John Taylor	1	10	1	10	4
Mike Wilson	0	0	0	0	1

¹Completions/attempts
²Carries
³Long gain
⁴Receptions
⁵Times targeted

Records Set

The following records were set in Super Bowl XXIII, according to the official NFL.com boxscore^[14] and the ProFootball reference.com game summary.^[15]
Some records have to meet NFL minimum number of attempts to be recognized.^[16] The minimums are shown (in parenthesis).

Player Records Set ^[15]
Passing Records
Highest completion percentage, career, (40 attempts)	65.6% (61-93)	Joe Montana
Most passing yards, game	357 yds
Most attempts, without interception, game	36
Receiving Records
Most yards, game	215 yds	Jerry Rice
Special Teams
Longest punt return	45 yds	John Taylor000(SF)
Most punt return yards gained, game	56 yds
Most punt return yards gained, career	56 yds
Highest average, punt return yardage, game (3 returns)	18.7 yds (3-56)
Longest punt	63 yds	Lee Johnson000(Cin)
Most 40-plus yard field goals, game	2	Jim Breech000(Cin)
Records Tied
Most completions, career	61	Joe Montana
Lowest percentage, passes had intercepted, career, (40 attempts)	0% (0-93)	Joe Montana
Most receptions, game	11	Jerry Rice
Most kickoff returns for touchdowns, game	1	Stanford Jennings000(Cin)

Team Records Set ^[15]
Most yards passing (net)	341 yds	49ers
Highest average gain, kickoff returns (3 returns)	44.0 yds (132-3)
Most yards gained, punt returns	56 yds
Highest average gain, punt returns (3 returns)	18.7 yds (56-3)
Records Tied
Most points, fourth quarter	14 pts	49ers
Fewest rushing touchdowns	0	Bengals 49ers
Fewest passing touchdowns	0	Bengals
Most kickoff returns for touchdowns	1	Bengals

Records Set, both team totals ^[15]
	Total	49ers	Bengals
Most field goals made	5	2	3
Records tied, both team totals
Most field goals attempted	7	4	3
Fewest rushing touchdowns	0	0	0
Fewest times intercepted	1	0	1
Fewest interceptions by	1	1	0

Starting lineups

Source:^[17]

Hall of Fame ‡

Cincinnati	Position	San Francisco
Offense
Tim McGee	WR	John Taylor
Anthony Muñoz‡	LT	Steve Wallace
Bruce Reimers	LG	Jesse Sapolu
Bruce Kozerski	C	Randy Cross
Max Montoya	RG	Guy McIntyre
Brian Blados	RT	Harris Barton
Rodney Holman	TE	John Frank
Eddie Brown	WR	Jerry Rice‡
Boomer Esiason	QB	Joe Montana‡
James Brooks	RB	Roger Craig
Ickey Woods	FB	Tom Rathman
Defense
Jim Skow	LE	Larry Roberts
Tim Krumrie	NT	Michael Carter
Jason Buck	RE	Kevin Fagan
Leon White	LOLB	Charles Haley‡
Carl Zander	LILB	Jim Fahnhorst
Joe Kelly	RILB	Michael Walter
Reggie Williams	ROLB	Keena Turner
Lewis Billups	LCB	Tim McKyer
Eric Thomas	RCB	Don Griffin
David Fulcher	SS	Jeff Fuller
Solomon Wilcots	FS	Ronnie Lott‡

Officials

Referee: Jerry Seeman #70 first Super Bowl on field; alternate for XIV

Umpire: Gordon Wells #89 second Super Bowl (XVIII)

Head Linesman: Jerry Bergman #17 fourth Super Bowl (XIII, XVI, XVIII)

Line Judge: Bob Beeks #59 fifth Super Bowl (XIV, XVI, XVIII, XXI)

Back Judge: Paul Baetz #22 first Super Bowl

Side Judge: Gary Lane #120 first Super Bowl

Field Judge: Bobby Skelton #73 first Super Bowl

Alternate Referee: Gene Barth #14 referee for Super Bowl XVIII

Alternate Umpire: Ed Fiffick #57 alternate for Super Bowl XIX

Notes

^ DiNitto, Marcus (January 25, 2015). "Super Bowl Betting History – Underdogs on Recent Roll". The Linemakers. Sporting News. Retrieved February 4, 2015..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}

^ "Super Bowl History". Vegas Insider. Retrieved February 4, 2015.

^ "Super Bowl Winners". NFL.com. Retrieved February 4, 2015.

^ "Historical Super Bowl Nielsen TV Ratings, 1967–2009 – Ratings". TVbytheNumbers. Retrieved October 9, 2012.

^ "N.F.L. Approves Sale of Broncos". The New York Times. May 24, 1984. Retrieved January 11, 2010.

^ ^a^b "The Miami News – Archive – 3/12/1985".

^ Daugherty, Paul. Hard fall for man who had it all. The Cincinnati Enquirer, 1999-01-31.

^ "The Greatest Stories Never Told" February 02, 2004 Sports Illustrated

^ Hessler, Warner "Overtown Riot Worries Super Bowl Boosters" (January 17, 1989) Daily Press

^ "5 Super Bowl Distractions" (January 26, 1997) New York Daily News

^ "ESPN.com: Montana was comeback king". espn.go.com.

^ "Super Bowl Game-Time Temperatures". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved March 10, 2018.

^ [1] Archived May 5, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.

^ "Super Bowl XXIII boxscore". NFL.com. Retrieved 7 November 2016.

^ ^a^b^c^d "Super Bowl XXIII statistics". Pro Football reference.com. Retrieved 6 November 2016.

^ "2016 NFL Factbook" (PDF). NFL. Retrieved 7 November 2016.

^ "Super Bowl XXIII–National Football League Game Summary" (PDF). National Football League. January 22, 1989. Retrieved February 23, 2017.

References

Super Bowl XXIII: NFL Full Game on YouTube

Super Bowl official website

2006 NFL Record and Fact Book. Time Inc. Home Entertainment. ISBN 1-933405-32-5.

Total Football II: The Official Encyclopedia of the National Football League. Harper Collins. ISBN 1-933405-32-5.

The Sporting News Complete Super Bowl Book 1995. ISBN 0-89204-523-X.

https://www.pro-football-reference.com – Large online database of NFL data and statistics

Super Bowl XXIII play-by-play from USA Today (Last accessed September 28, 2005)

Boomer Esiason's reflections on the game

"NOTEBOOK; Cross Says He Is Going to Retire". The New York Times. January 19, 1989. Retrieved October 6, 2007.

[1] DiNitto, Marcus (January 25, 2015). "Super Bowl Betting History – Underdogs on Recent Roll". The Linemakers. Sporting News. Retrieved February 4, 2015..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}

[2] "Super Bowl History". Vegas Insider. Retrieved February 4, 2015.

[3] "Super Bowl Winners". NFL.com. Retrieved February 4, 2015.

[4] "Historical Super Bowl Nielsen TV Ratings, 1967–2009 – Ratings". TVbytheNumbers. Retrieved October 9, 2012.

[NYT_5-24-84-5] "N.F.L. Approves Sale of Broncos". The New York Times. May 24, 1984. Retrieved January 11, 2010.

[TMN-6] "The Miami News – Archive – 3/12/1985".

[7] Daugherty, Paul. Hard fall for man who had it all. The Cincinnati Enquirer, 1999-01-31.

[8] "The Greatest Stories Never Told" February 02, 2004 Sports Illustrated

[9] Hessler, Warner "Overtown Riot Worries Super Bowl Boosters" (January 17, 1989) Daily Press

[10] "5 Super Bowl Distractions" (January 26, 1997) New York Daily News

[11] "ESPN.com: Montana was comeback king". espn.go.com.

[12] "Super Bowl Game-Time Temperatures". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved March 10, 2018.

[13] [1] Archived May 5, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.

[boxscore-14] "Super Bowl XXIII boxscore". NFL.com. Retrieved 7 November 2016.

[Stats-15] "Super Bowl XXIII statistics". Pro Football reference.com. Retrieved 6 November 2016.

[Factbook-16] "2016 NFL Factbook" (PDF). NFL. Retrieved 7 November 2016.

[17] "Super Bowl XXIII–National Football League Game Summary" (PDF). National Football League. January 22, 1989. Retrieved February 23, 2017.

v t e San Francisco 49ers Super Bowl XXIII champions
4 Max Runager 6 Mike Cofer 8 Steve Young 9 Barry Helton 15 John Paye 16 Joe Montana 20 Tory Nixon 21 Eric Wright 22 Tim McKyer 24 Harry Sydney 25 Doug DuBose 26 Darryl Pollard 29 Don Griffin 31 Chet Brooks 32 Terrence Flagler 33 Roger Craig 35 Del Rodgers 38 Greg Cox 42 Ronnie Lott 44 Tom Rathman 46 Tom Holmoe 49 Jeff Fuller 50 Riki Ellison 51 Randy Cross 53 Bill Romanowski 54 Ron Hadley 55 Jim Fahnhorst 57 Sam Kennedy 58 Keena Turner 60 Chuck Thomas 61 Jesse Sapolu 62 Guy McIntyre 65 Jeff Bregel 67 Pete Kugler 69 Bruce Collie 72 Jeff Stover 74 Steve Wallace 75 Kevin Fagan 76 Dwaine Board 77 Bubba Paris 78 Pierce Holt 79 Harris Barton 80 Jerry Rice (MVP) 82 John Taylor 83 Terry Greer 84 Brent Jones 85 Mike Wilson 86 John Frank 88 Calvin Nicholas 89 Ron Heller 91 Larry Roberts 92 Kevin Lilly 94 Charles Haley 95 Michael Carter 96 Danny Stubbs 97 Doug Mikolas 99 Michael Walter
Head coach: Bill Walsh
Coaches: Dennis Green Tommy Hart Mike Holmgren Sherman Lewis Bobb McKittrick Bill McPherson Ray Rhodes George Seifert Lynn Stiles Fred von Appen

v t e San Francisco 49ers
Founded in 1946 Based and headquartered in Santa Clara, California
Franchise	Franchise Team history Coaches Players Seasons Logo and uniform history Starting quarterbacks Draft history Broadcasters
Stadiums	Kezar Stadium Candlestick Park Levi's Stadium
Culture	Sourdough Sam San Francisco Gold Rush West Coast offense The Pigskin Priest KGO KNBR
Lore	The Catch Joe Cool Million Dollar Backfield Snowball Game Fútbol Americano Harbaugh Bowl
Rivalries	Los Angeles Rams Seattle Seahawks Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Oakland Raiders
Key figures	Eddie DeBartolo Denise DeBartolo York Jed York John York Gideon Yu
Division championships (19)	1970 1971 1972 1981 1983 1984 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 2002 2011 2012
Conference championships (6)	1981 1984 1988 1989 1994 2012
League championships (5)	1981 (XVI) 1984 (XIX) 1988 (XXIII) 1989 (XXIV) 1994 (XXIX)
Retired numbers	8 12 16 34 37 39 70 58 70 80 87 BW Mr. D
Current league affiliations	League: National Football League (1950–present) Conference: National Football Conference Division: West Division
Former league affiliation	All-America Football Conference (1946–1949)
Seasons (73)	1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Championship seasons in bold

v t e Cincinnati Bengals
Founded in 1968 Based and headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio
Franchise	Franchise History Seasons Coaches Players First-round draft picks Draft history Starting quarterbacks
Stadiums	Nippert Stadium Riverfront Stadium Paul Brown Stadium
Rivalries	Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers
Culture and lore	Freezer Bowl Ickey Shuffle "Welcome to the Jungle" Ben–Gals Bengalized Laura Vikmanis
Division championships (9)	1970 1973 1981 1988 1990 2005 2009 2013 2015
Conference championships (2)	1981 1988
Retired numbers	54
Media	Broadcasters Radio network Flagships: WCKY WEBN WLW Television: WKRC-TV
Current league affiliations	League: National Football League (1970–present) Conference: American Football Conference Division: North Division
Former league affiliation	League: American Football League (1968–1969)
Seasons (51)	1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Championship seasons in bold

v t e National Football League Championship Games (1933–present)
NFL Championship Game (1933–1969)	1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
AFL Championship Game (1960–1969)	1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
AFL-NFL World Championship Games^[1] (1966–1969)	1966 (I) 1967 (II) 1968 (III) 1969 (IV)
Super Bowl^[2] (1970–present)	1970 (V) 1971 (VI) 1972 (VII) 1973 (VIII) 1974 (IX) 1975 (X) 1976 (XI) 1977 (XII) 1978 (XIII) 1979 (XIV) 1980 (XV) 1981 (XVI) 1982 (XVII) 1983 (XVIII) 1984 (XIX) 1985 (XX) 1986 (XXI) 1987 (XXII) 1988 (XXIII) 1989 (XXIV) 1990 (XXV) 1991 (XXVI) 1992 (XXVII) 1993 (XXVIII) 1994 (XXIX) 1995 (XXX) 1996 (XXXI) 1997 (XXXII) 1998 (XXXIII) 1999 (XXXIV) 2000 (XXXV) 2001 (XXXVI) 2002 (XXXVII) 2003 (XXXVIII) 2004 (XXXIX) 2005 (XL) 2006 (XLI) 2007 (XLII) 2008 (XLIII) 2009 (XLIV) 2010 (XLV) 2011 (XLVI) 2012 (XLVII) 2013 (XLVIII) 2014 (XLIX) 2015 (50) 2016 (LI) 2017 (LII)
1921 APFA de facto championship game 1925 NFL Championship controversy 1932 NFL Playoff Game NFL Championship broadcasters AFL Championship broadcasters Super Bowl champions Super Bowl Most Valuable Players Super Bowl records Super Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl officials Super Bowl halftime Super Bowl commercials Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions NFL playoffs (Results) AFL playoffs
1 – From 1966 to 1969, the first four Super Bowls were "World Championship" games played between two independent professional football leagues, AFL and NFL, and when the league merged in 1970 the Super Bowl became the NFL Championship Game. 2 – Dates in the list denote the season, not the calendar year in which the championship game was played. For instance, Super Bowl XLI was played in 2007, but was the championship for the 2006 season.

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